Evidence Search

Paediatric type I open tibia fractures: are antibiotics alone sufficient?

Bone & joint open | 2025 | Hammond RFL, Manoj N, Bridgens A, Monsell F

Conflict of interest statement: Y. Gelfer is a member of the editorial board of The Bone & Joint Journal and the associate editor of EFORT Open Review. F. Monsell is Vice President of the British Orthopaedic Association.

Open fractures of the upper limb - do the BOAST guidelines need an update?

Injury | 2023 | Lancaster P, Eves T, Tennent D, Trompeter A

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest None. 10. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2024 Nov-Dec;63(6):631-636. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2024.06.001. Epub 2024 Jun 22. Open Ankle Fractures in Older Individuals: A Multi-center Study. Nathe K(1), Bakaes Y(2), Giakas AM(3), Kung J(1), Gauthier C(1), Grabowski G(1), Smoker B(4), Boguski J(5), Toole W(6), Elliott M(6), Van Eck...

IDCRP Combat-Related Extremity Wound Infection Research.

Military medicine | 2022 | Petfield JL, Lewandowski LR, Stewart L, Murray CK

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 4. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018 Apr 13;13(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0793-2. Open pelvic fracture: the killing fracture? Hermans E(1), Edwards MJR(2), Goslings JC(3), Biert J(2). Author information: (1)Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. erik.hermans@radboudumc.nl. (2)Departmen...

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Open Fractures: Evidence, Evolving Issues, and Recommendations.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons | 2020 | Garner MR, Sethuraman SA, Schade MA, Boateng H

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 2. Pilon Fracture. Luo TD, Pilson H(1), Pilson H(1). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. 2023 Aug 8. Author information: (1)Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Pilon, the French word for pestle, was first used by Etienne Destot in 1911 as an analogy for the mechanical function of the distal tibia on the talus....

The Management of Pediatric Open Forearm Fractures.

The Journal of hand surgery | 2020 | Elia G, Blood T, Got C

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 8. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2026 Feb 15;34(4):e536-e554. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-24-00961. Epub 2025 Aug 15. Evidence for Systemic Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Prevention of Fracture-related Infections Following Open Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trials. Klifto KM(1), Klifto CS, Mithani SK, Mundy...

Prevention of infection in open fractures: Where are the pendulums now?

Injury | 2020 | Rupp M, Popp D, Alt V

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 19. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2025 May 22;145(1):309. doi: 10.1007/s00402-025-05921-w. Trends in open tibia fracture antibiotic prophylaxis. Marten AD(1), Cho E(2), Mazza P(3), Eikani C(2), Levack AE(4)(2). Author information: (1)Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. amarten@luc.edu. (2)Loyola University Medical Center, Dep...

Open pelvic fracture: the killing fracture?

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research | 2018 | Hermans E, Edwards MJR, Goslings JC, Biert J

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: The abovementioned study was reviewed by the medical ethical committee of the Radboudumc and did not fall within the remit of the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springe...

Update in Therapeutics: Prophylactic Antibiotics in Open Fractures.

Journal of trauma nursing : the official journal of the Society of Trauma Nurses | 2018 | Samai K, Vilella A

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 14. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2020 Nov;21(9):766-772. doi: 10.1089/sur.2019.140. Epub 2020 Feb 28. Open Fractures: Are We Still Treating the Same Types of Infections? Sudduth JD(1), Moss JA(2), Spitler CA(1), Pham VH(1), Jones LC(1), Brown JT(1), Bergin PF(1). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Mississipp...

[Primary soft tissue management in open fracture].

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie | 2018 | Riechelmann F, Kaiser P, Arora R

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 17. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Nov 18;102(22):e126. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00292. Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: Treatment Patterns in Latin America. Albright PD(1)(2), MacKechnie MC(2), Roberts HJ(2), Shearer DW(2), Padilla Rojas LG(3), Segovia J(4), Quintero JE(5), Amadei R(6), Baldy Dos Reis F(7), Miclau T 3rd(2); and the ACTUAR Open Tibia Study Group. Coll...

Suprapatellar nailing of tibial fractures-Indications and technique.

Injury | 2016 | Franke J, Hohendorff B, Alt V, Thormann U

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 13. J Trauma Nurs. 2018 Mar/Apr;25(2):83-86. doi: 10.1097/JTN.0000000000000348. Update in Therapeutics: Prophylactic Antibiotics in Open Fractures. Samai K(1), Vilella A(1). Author information: (1)Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, Sarasota Memorial Healthcare System, Sarasota, Florida. Acute management of open fractures is associated with high mo...

Open Clavicle Fracture: A Case Report.

JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association | 2025 | Dhoj A, Pandey SR, Thakur AK

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: None. 16. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2018 Oct;30(5):294-308. doi: 10.1007/s00064-018-0562-8. Epub 2018 Sep 4. [Primary soft tissue management in open fracture]. [Article in German] Riechelmann F(1), Kaiser P(2), Arora R(2). Author information: (1)Universitätsklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichst...

Ceftriaxone versus cefazolin plus gentamicin for antibiotic prophylaxis in Gustilo-Anderson type III open lower extremity fractures

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 2026 | Cameron Foster, Landon Richardson, Brian Pegg, Vedant Garg

OBJECTIVES: To compare fracture related infection (FRI) rates and outcomes between ceftriaxone (CTX) and cefazolin plus gentamicin (C+G) for antibiotic prophylaxis in Gustilo-Anderson (GA) type III open lower extremity fractures. METHODS: Design : Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Single, academic level one trauma center. Patient Selection Criteria: Included were patients ag...

Predictability of In-Hospital Course and Early Resource Utilization in Gustilo-Anderson Type-IIIA and Type-IIIB Open Tibial Fractures Using the Ganga Hospital Scoring System: A Single-Center Study

The Egyptian Orthopaedic Journal | 2026 | mohamed M. Abdelkarem, Aly Mahmmadean, Hossam Abubeih

Trends in open tibia fracture antibiotic prophylaxis.

Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery | 2025 | Marten AD, Cho E, Mazza P, Eikani C

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Competing interests: Andrew Marten: Nothing to disclose; Elizabeth Cho: Nothing to disclose; Patrick Mazza: Nothing to disclose; Carlo Eikani: Nothing to disclose; Ashley E. Levack: AO Trauma North America: Board or committee member, Orthopaedic Research Society: Board or committee member, Orthopaedic Trauma As...

Adjuvant local antibiotic prophylaxis in Gustilo–Anderson IIIb open fractures: up to 10 years follow-up on clinical outcomes and complications

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | 2025 | Eito Asano, Hossai Hemat, Abdullah Bin Sahl, Anand Pillai

Abstract Background High-grade open fractures carry a significant risk of osteomyelitis, despite advancements in surgical techniques and treatment protocols. The use of prophylactic, adjuvant local antibiotics is controversially discussed in the literature. CERAMENT®G (BONESUPPORT™) is a novel synthetic bone substitute that effectively elutes gentamicin. This report presents th...

Correction: Adjuvant local antibiotic prophylaxis in Gustilo–Anderson IIIb open fractures: up to 10 years follow-up on clinical outcomes and complications

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | 2025 | Eito Asano, Hossai Hemat, Abdullah Bin Sahl, Anand Pillai

Open Ankle Fractures in Older Individuals: A Multi-center Study.

The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons | 2024 | Nathe K, Bakaes Y, Giakas AM, Kung J

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 11. Injury. 2022 Oct;53(10):3322-3325. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.08.023. Epub 2022 Aug 9. Increased open fracture complications following pediatric all-terrain vehicle accidents. Torrez TW(1), Hicks J(2), Bonner V(2), Seidenstein AH(2), McGwin G(2), Kothari E(2), Gilbert SR(3). Author information: (1)University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen Scho...

Does the OTA Open Fracture Classification Align With the Gustilo–Anderson Classification? A Study of 2215 Open Fractures

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 2024 | Murali Kovvur, Kristin E. Turner, Joshua E. Lawrence, Robert V. O'Toole

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification (OTA-OFC) and Gustilo–Anderson classification of open extremity fractures and determine if there is meaningful alignment between these grading systems. METHODS: Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Level I academic trauma center. Patient Selection Criteria: Adult patients with at...

External fixation followed by cast immobilization in the management of gustilo-anderson iiia and iiib open tibial fractures

East African Orthopaedic Journal | 2024 | I.N. Nze, C.U. Ndukwu, A.V. Mbanuzuru, H.O. Obiegbu

Background: The ideal method for definitive management of open tibia fractures has been a subject of debate. Several techniques have been tried with mixed results. Objectives: To describe and present our experience using external fixator interrupted by cast immobilization in the management of  Gustillo-Anderson IIIA and IIIB open tibia fractures guided by the radiographic union...

Pilon Fracture.

Journal unavailable | 2023 | Luo TD, Pilson H, Pilson H

Conflict of interest statement: Disclosure: T David Luo declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Holly Pilson declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 3. Mil Med. 2022 May 4;187(Suppl 2):25-33. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab065. IDCRP Combat-Related Extremity Wound Infection Research. Petfield JL(1), Lewandowsk...

Soft tissue reconstruction of Gustilo-Anderson grade 3B open tibia fractures at a tertiary hospital: a retrospective case series

SA Orthopaedic Journal | 2023 | D Maimin, E Barouni, C Price, D Hudson

Open ankle fractures: Factors influencing unplanned reoperation.

Injury | 2022 | Jaibaji M, Sohatee M, Watkins C, Qasim S

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest None. 7. J Hand Surg Am. 2020 Jun;45(6):523-527. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.02.007. Epub 2020 Apr 4. The Management of Pediatric Open Forearm Fractures. Elia G(1), Blood T(2), Got C(2). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Providence, RI; Warren Alpert Medical School of Br...

Increased open fracture complications following pediatric all-terrain vehicle accidents.

Injury | 2022 | Torrez TW, Hicks J, Bonner V, Seidenstein AH

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest Timothy W Torrez, James Hicks, Henry Bonner, Alexandra H Seidenstein, Ezan A Kothari, Gerald McGwin, and Shawn R Gilbert declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 12. Injury. 2016 Feb;47(2):495-501. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.10.023. Epub 2015 Oct 20. Suprapatellar nailing of tibial f...

Open Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children.

Cureus | 2021 | Pan T, Widner MR, Chau MM, Hennrikus WL

Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 6. Injury. 2022 Jun;53(6):2274-2280. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.03.047. Epub 2022 Mar 25. Open ankle fractures: Factors influencing unplanned reoperation. Jaibaji M(1), Sohatee M(2), Watkins C(3), Qasim S(3), Fearon P(3). Author information: (1)Health Education England North East, Newca...

Open Fractures: Are We Still Treating the Same Types of Infections?

Surgical infections | 2020 | Sudduth JD, Moss JA, Spitler CA, Pham VH

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 15. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2025 Dec;63(292):924-926. doi: 10.31729/jnma.v63i292.9253. Epub 2025 Dec 31. Open Clavicle Fracture: A Case Report. Dhoj A(1), Pandey SR(1), Thakur AK(1). Author information: (1)Institute of Medicine, Mahrajgunj Medical Campus, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Open clavicle fractures are rare, accounting for only 1.8% of all fract...

Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: Treatment Patterns in Latin America.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume | 2020 | Albright PD, MacKechnie MC, Roberts HJ, Shearer DW

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 18. Injury. 2020 May;51 Suppl 2:S57-S63. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.10.074. Epub 2019 Oct 25. Prevention of infection in open fractures: Where are the pendulums now? Rupp M(1), Popp D(1), Alt V(2). Author information: (1)Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. (2)Departmen...

A Study on the Outcome of Antibiotic Eluting Intramedullary Interlocking Nails in the Primary Fixation of Gustilo and Anderson Grades II and IIIA Open Fractures of Tibia

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC CASE REPORTS | 2020 | S Vignesh, Amresh Ghai

Gustilo and Anderson classification of open fractures

Radiopaedia.org | 2016 | Craig Hacking, Leonardo Lustosa, Hamish Smith

Classification system for pediatric open fractures

Current Orthopaedic Practice | 2014 | Brian N. Kanz, Kelly D. Carmichael

L’ostéosynthèse interne dans le traitement des fractures ouvertes Gustilo IIIb de la jambe

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology | 1996 | B. Schlemmer, P. Giraud, G. Jenny

Interobserver Agreement in Grading of Open Fractures of the Tibia

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 1994 | R. Brumback, A. Jones

Interobserver Reliability in the Gustilo and Anderson Classification of Open Fractures

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 1993 | B David Horn, Michael E. Rettig

Bone Grafting in Open Fractures

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 1988 | R. B. Gustilo

Immediate Internal Fixation in Open Fractures

Orthopedic Clinics of North America | 1980 | John T. Anderson, Ramon B. Gustilo