Advances and disputes of posterior malleolus fracture.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 17. Foot Ankle Clin. 2021 Mar;26(1):103-119. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2020.10.006. Epub 2020 Dec 13. Indications and Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Tibiofibular Syndesmotic Injuries with and Without Associated Fractures. Swords MP(1), Shank JR(2). Author information: (1)Michigan Orthopedic Center, 2815 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 204, Lansing, MI 48823, USA. Electronic address: foot.trauma@gmail.com. (2)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Colorado Center of Orthopaedic Excellence, 2446 Research Parkway, Suite 200, Colorado Springs, CO 80920, USA. Syndesmosis injury may occur in a wide variety of clinical scenarios. Accurate diagnosis and anatomic reconstruction are necessary for optimizing clinical outcomes. The management considerations of syndesmotic injuries with associated proximal fibula fractures are reviewed. Methods to improve the accuracy of syndesmotic reduction are outlined. The management of fractures of the posterior malleolus, Chaput tubercle, and Wagstaffe tubercle is discussed with an emphasis on their contributions to syndesmotic stability. The evolving role of flexible fixation for syndesmosis injuries is discussed. Causes and strategies for dealing with loss of reduction and malreduced syndesmotic injuries are presented. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2020.10.006