Category: General

Cierny–Mader classifies adult osteomyelitis by anatomic type (I–IV) and host status (A/B/C). Type I: Medullary; Type II: Superficial; Type III: Locali...

Subacute osteomyelitis presenting as a localized lytic lesion with sclerotic rim (usually metaphyseal). Typical organisms: Staphylococcus aureus; cult...

Standard: cefazolin within 60 min before incision (2 g; 3 g if >120 kg). Add vancomycin if MRSA colonized/high prevalence or severe β‑lactam allergy;...

Risk high in hip/knee arthroplasty, hip fracture surgery, pelvic/acetabular trauma, prolonged immobility. Options: LMWH, DOACs (apixaban/rivaroxaban),...

Phases: inflammatory (days 1–7), proliferative (days 3–21), remodeling (weeks–months). Intrinsic (tenocyte) vs extrinsic (synovial/paratenon) healing;...

Metals: stainless steel (316L), cobalt‑chrome, titanium alloys; differences in modulus, corrosion resistance, MRI artifacts. Polymers: UHMWPE (arthrop...

Autograft is gold standard: osteogenic + osteoinductive + osteoconductive (iliac crest). Allograft provides scaffold (osteoconductive) ± growth factor...

Defective mineralization: osteoid in adults (osteomalacia) vs physis in children (rickets). Etiologies: Vit D deficiency/resistance, phosphate deficie...

Excess PTH causes cortical bone loss via RANKL-mediated osteoclast activation; classic radiology: subperiosteal resorption, salt‑and‑pepper skull, bro...

Brachial plexus consists of Roots (C5–T1), Trunks (upper, middle, lower), Divisions (each trunk splits into anterior/posterior), Cords (lateral, poste...