Limb lengthening history, evolution, complications and current concepts.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no competing interests. 11. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Oct;24(10):711-9. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00175. Stress Modulation of Fracture Fixation Implants. Beltran MJ(1), Collinge CA, Gardner MJ. Author information: (1)From the Department of Orthopaedics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX (Dr. Beltran), the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (Dr. Collinge), and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA (Dr. Gardner). Stress modulation is the concept of manipulating bridge plate variables to provide a flexible fixation construct that allows callus formation through uneventful secondary bone healing. Obtaining absolute stability through the anatomic reduction of all fracture fragments comes at the expense of fracture biology, whereas intramedullary nailing, which is more advantageous for diaphyseal fractures of the lower extremity, is technically demanding and often may not be possible when stabilizing many metaphyseal fractures. Overly stiff plating constructs are associated with asymmetric callus formation, early implant failure, and fracture nonunion. Numerous surgeon-controlled variables can be manipulated to increase flexibility without sacrificing strength, including using longer plates with well-spaced screws, choosing titanium or stainless steel implants, and using locking or nonlocking screws. Axially dynamic emerging concepts, such as far cortical locking and near cortical overdrilling, provide further treatment options when bridge plating techniques are used. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00175