v4.1 Fusion X
Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurological disorder in which the musculoskeletal deformities may progressively worsen with growth. Orthopaedic p...
Relapse often due to **brace non‑compliance**; dynamic supination is common in toddlers. Initial management is **re‑casting** following Ponseti princi...
OI due to COL1A1/2 defects; **Sillence I–IV** (classic) with expanded types V–VII; severity ranges from mild to perinatal lethal. Clinical: **blue scl...
Gartland I–III (± IV for multidirectional instability). Complications to watch: **brachial artery injury**, **median/anterior interosseous nerve palsy...
Early detection with Barlow/Ortolani; ultrasound (Graf) guides treatment under 6 months. Pavlik harness is first‑line for reducible dislocation under...
Loder classification: **Stable** (able to walk, even with aids) vs **Unstable** (non‑ambulatory) — strongest predictor of AVN. Typical patient: obese...
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of capital femoral epiphysis in 4–8‑year‑olds (boys > girls). Radiographic **Waldenström stages**: Initial, Fragmentatio...
Pathologic varus from disordered endochondral growth of medial proximal tibial physis; early walkers/obesity risk. **Langenskiöld stages I–VI** descri...
Occurs in ages 3–6; risk of late valgus (Cozen phenomenon) due to asymmetric overgrowth. Usually metaphyseal greenstick/complete fractures from low‑en...
Zones: reserve (resting), proliferative, hypertrophic (maturation, degeneration, provisional calcification). Regulation: Ihh/PTHrP feedback loop, GH/I...