Update on the role of bone turnover markers in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis: a consensus paper from The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), International

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Conflict of interest: H.P.B.: No conflict of interest; S.V.: No conflict of interest; I.T.: No conflict of interest; G.K.: No conflict of interest; G.L.: Received speaker fee from SNIBE; N.R.J.: Received bone turnover marker assays free of charge for research from ROCHE, IDS and DiaSorin for research purposes; R.P.: No conflict of interest; M.M.: No conflict of interest; R.C.: Holds patents of 2 biomarkers of musculoskeletal diseases; M.Hiligsmann: Received research grants (paid to institution) from RADIUS HEALTH, and ANGELINI PHARMA, lecture fees from IBSA (paid to institution) and MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS, and was grant advisor for PFIZER (paid to institution); M.Haarhaus: No conflict of interest; P.E.: Received research grants (paid to institution) from VIFOR CSL; H.S.J.: Received travel support from ABIOGEN PHARMA; M.Hermann: No conflict of interest; J-M.K.: No conflict of interest; P.C.: No conflict of interest; S.T.: No conflict of interest; N.A-D.: No conflict of interest; S.S.: No conflict of interest; M.S.A.: No conflict of interest; S.O.: No conflict of interest; M.C.P.Y.: No conflict of interest; R.M.: No conflict of interest; A.L.: No conflict of interest; M.M.C.d.S.R: No conflict of interest; L.Z.: No conflict of interest; N.B: No conflict of interest; E.M.: No conflict of interest; N.C.H: Received consultancy, lecture fees, honoraria, grant funding from ALLIANCE FOR BETTER BONE HEALTH, AMGEN, MSD, ELI LILLY, RADIUS HEALTH, SERVIER, SHIRE, UCB, CONSILIENT HEALTHCARE, KYOWA KIRIN, THERAMEX and INTERNIS PHARMA; R.P.R: No conflict of interest; M.F.: Received consultancy fees from ABIOGEN, AMGEN, VIFOR, OMEGA PHARMA; C.T.: No conflict of interest, the views expressed in this article are the personal views of the author and may not be understood or quoted as being made on behalf of or reflecting the position of the regulatory agencies by which the author is employed or affiliated; J.A.K.: No conflict of interest; R.R.: No conflict of interest; JY.R.: Stakeholder of SarQoL® whereas he never received any financial or non-financial compensation for this activity, received consultancy fees from IBSA, PROMEDIUS, VIATRIS, REJUVENATE BIOMED, CELLTRION, AGNOVOS, THERAMEX and VERSANIS BIO, CHUGAI, member of the Speakers Bureau for IBSA, RADIUS HEALTH, VIATRIS, AGNOVOS and TRB CHEMEDICA, received research grants (through Institutions) from IBSA, RADIUS HEALTH, ECHOLIGHT, VIATRIS, THERAMEX and TRB CHEMEDICA; K.M.: Received free of charge reagents from ROCHE, SNIBE and IDS for research purposes; E.C.: Consultant for IDS, DIASORIN, FUJIREBIO, NITTOBO and MENARINI. 3. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1057):20150372. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20150372. Epub 2015 Sep 23. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures around the shoulder. Messina C(1), Banfi G(2)(3), Orlandi D(4), Lacelli F(5), Serafini G(5), Mauri G(6), Secchi F(6)(7), Silvestri E(8), Sconfienza LM(6)(7). Author information: (1)1 Scuola di Specializzazione in Radiodiagnostica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. (2)2 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy. (3)3 Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. (4)4 Scuola di dottorato in Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy. (5)5 Dipartimento di Radiologia, Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure, Italy. (6)6 Servizio di Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy. (7)7 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. (8)8 Servizio di Radiologia, Ospedale Evangelico Internazionale, Genova, Italy. Ultrasound is an established modality for shoulder evaluation, being accurate, low cost and radiation free. Different pathological conditions can be diagnosed using ultrasound and can be treated using ultrasound guidance, such as degenerative, traumatic or inflammatory diseases. Subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis is the most common finding on ultrasound evaluation for painful shoulder. Therapeutic injections of corticosteroids are helpful to reduce inflammation and pain. Calcific tendinopathy of rotator cuff affects up to 20% of painful shoulders. Ultrasound-guided treatment may be performed with both single- and double-needle approach. Calcific enthesopathy, a peculiar form of degenerative tendinopathy, is a common and mostly asymptomatic ultrasound finding; dry needling has been proposed in symptomatic patients. An alternative is represented by autologous platelet-rich plasma injections. Intra-articular injections of the shoulder can be performed in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory and degenerative diseases with corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid respectively. Steroid injections around the long head of the biceps brachii tendon are indicated in patients with biceps tendinopathy, reducing pain and humeral tenderness. The most common indication for acromion-clavicular joint injection is degenerative osteoarthritis, with ultrasound representing a useful tool in localizing the joint space and properly injecting various types of drugs (steroids, lidocaine or hyaluronic acid). Suprascapular nerve block is an approved treatment for chronic shoulder pain non-responsive to conventional treatments as well as candidate patients for shoulder arthroscopy. This review provides an overview of these different ultrasonography-guided procedures that can be performed around the shoulder. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150372 PMCID: PMC4985952