Interventional pain management of CRPS in the pediatric population: A literature review.

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Christine Hunt reports a relationship with 10.13039/100019969Nevro Corp that includes: funding grants, not related to this study. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 8. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015 Jan-Apr;12(Suppl 1):4-10. doi: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.3s.004. Epub 2016 Apr 7. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I: historical perspective and critical issues. Iolascon G(1), de Sire A(1), Moretti A(1), Gimigliano F(2). Author information: (1)Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. (2)Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. The history of algodystrophy is controversial and its denomination has changed significantly over time. Silas Weir Mitchell described several cases of causalgia due to gunshot wounds that occurred during the American Civil War, increasing knowledge about this clinical condition. A later key milestone in the history of CRPS is tied to the name of Paul Sudeck that, using X-ray examinations, described findings of bone atrophy following a traumatic event or infection of the upper limb. The most widely accepted pathogenic hypothesis, proposed by Rene Leriche, supported a key role of the sympathetic nervous system in the onset of the typical clinical picture of the disease, which was thus defined as "reflex sympathetic dystrophy". In the 50s John J. Bonica proposed a staging of CRPS. In a consensus conference held in Budapest in 2003, it was proposed a new classification system that included the presence of at least two clinical signs included in the four categories and at least three symptoms in its four categories. There have been other classification systems proposed for the diagnosis of CRPS, such as Veldman diagnostic criteria based on the presence of at least 4 signs and symptoms of the disease associated with a worsening of the same following the use of the limb and their location in the same area distal to the one that suffered the injury. On the other hand, the Atkins diagnostic criteria are much more objective than those proposed by IASP and are specifically applicable to an orthopaedic context. However, current classification systems and related criteria proposed to make a diagnosis of CRPS, do not include instrumental evaluations and imaging, but rely solely on clinical findings. This approach does not allow an optimal disease staging especially in orthopaedics. DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.3s.004 PMCID: PMC4832406