Intra- and interobserver reliability of glenoid fracture classifications by Ideberg, Euler and AO.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: We declare that the study has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the ethical Committee of the University of Würzburg (Ethical Committee Approval: Nr: 55/15 Date 1st Februar 2015). Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from each participant. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 11. Injury. 2026 Apr 3;57(6):113236. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2026.113236. Online ahead of print. Glenoid fracture morphology predicts associated trauma and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs); A multicenter evaluation. Büyüktopçu Ö(1), Şahbat Y(2), Koç E(3), Altay N(4), Beşer F(5), Keskin A(6), Altın YF(7), Kendirci AŞ(8), Çağlar C(9), Güler Y(10), Erşen A(11). Author information: (1)Cekirge State Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Bursa, Turkiye. Electronic address: omerbuyuktopcu@gmail.com. (2)Istinye University Bahcesehir Liv Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkiye; Ministry of Health, Erzurum City Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and, Traumatology, Erzurum, Turkiye. Electronic address: yavuzsahbat@gmail.com. (3)Bilecik Training and Research Hospital, Orthopeadic Surgery and Traumatology, Bilecik, Turkiye. Electronic address: erdemkocmd@gmail.com. (4)Ministry of Health, Erzurum City Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and, Traumatology, Erzurum, Turkiye. Electronic address: onasuhialtay@hotmail.com. (5)Ministry of Health, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye. Electronic address: fatihbeserr@gmail.com. (6)Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, İstanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: drkeskinahmet@gmail.com. (7)Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: yektaorto@gmail.com. (8)Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: alpersukru@gmail.com. (9)Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkiye. Electronic address: Ceyhun.caglar@hotmail.com. (10)Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, İstanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: dryasinguler@gmail.com. (11)Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: ali_ersen@hotmail.com. PURPOSE: Although glenoid fractures are relatively uncommon, they may be associated with severe concomitant injuries, including thoracic, vertebral, and neurovascular trauma. Large-scale studies evaluating the relationship between fracture morphology, associated injuries, and functional outcomes remain limited. The purpose of this multicenter study was to classify glenoid fractures according to the Ideberg Classification system, identify associated injuries, and investigate their relationship with functional outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective multicenter cohort study, 242 patients diagnosed with glenoid fractures across five trauma centers were evaluated. Glenoid fractures were classified according to the Ideberg and AO/OTA systems by five independent observers. For statistical analyses, the Ideberg classification was grouped into three categories (Type I, Type II-III, and Type IV-V). Data on associated injuries (including extremity, thoracic, abdominal, craniospinal, and neurovascular injuries) were obtained from hospital records. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Constant-Murley (CM) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 51.5 ± 18.1 years, and 66.9% of the patients were male. Ideberg Type I fractures were the most frequent (59%), whereas Type V fractures were the least common (8%). Glenohumeral dislocation was the most common associated pathology, observed in 70.2% of patients, particularly in Type I fractures (88%; p