Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit shoulder stiffness via let-7a/Tgfbr1 axis.

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no competing interests, and all authors should confirm its accuracy. 12. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2004 Aug;15(3):v, 557-73. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2003.12.007. The stiff shoulder. Harrast MA(1), Rao AG. Author information: (1)Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA. mharrast@u.washington.edu Shoulder stiffness is a common but poorly understood disorder of the glenohumeral joint. Many terms are used to describe a stiff shoulder, including frozen shoulder and adhesive capsulitis. This article reviews the terminology, classification, diagnostic options, and management options of shoulder stiffness. Conservative measures,emphasizing a four-quadrant stretching program, typically produce effective treatment outcomes. Operative interventions, which may be required for the small percentage of patients who fail conservative therapy, are also presented. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2003.12.007