Developmental Dysplasia of Hip: Perspectives in Genetic Screening.

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 5. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2024 Feb;34(2):723-734. doi: 10.1007/s00590-023-03767-9. Epub 2023 Oct 26. Ultrasonographic screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: the Graf method revisited. Kolovos S(1), Sioutis S(2), Papakonstantinou ME(3), Serenidis D(2), Altsitzioglou P(2), Karampikas V(2), Chlapoutakis K(4), Mitsiokapa E(5), Katsanos S(6), Mastrokalos D(2), Koulalis D(2), Papagelopoulos PJ(2), Mavrogenis AF(7). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Larisa, Larisa, Greece. (2)First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. (3)Third Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. (4)Vioapeikonisi-Diagnostic Imaging Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. (5)Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Athens, Greece. (6)Department of Emergency Medicine and Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. (7)First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. afm@otenet.gr. Until the 1980s, the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) was based on clinical examination and radiographic imaging. In 1980, Reinhard Graf developed his own ultrasonographic method for the examination of the infant hip joint. Graf's method evaluates the osseous and cartilaginous coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum in the infantile hip joint by measuring the angles α and β. The validity of Graf method is that with these measurements the hip joint is further classified by Graf classification into types I to IV that guide treatment. Currently, Graf method is considered the gold standard examination for the diagnosis of DDH in many European countries. This review article aims to discuss the incidence, risk factors and pathophysiology of DDH, and to emphasize on the Graf method for the evaluation, classification, prevention and further management of this entity. © 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03767-9