THE UNHAPPY TRIAD: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 2. World J Orthop. 2023 May 18;14(5):268-274. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i5.268. eCollection 2023 May 18. Unhappy triad of the knee: What are the current concepts and opinions? Hoveidaei AH(1), Sattarpour R(2), Dadgostar H(3), Razi S(4), Razi M(5). Author information: (1)Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14395-578, Iran. (2)School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran. (3)Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Medical Complex, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran. (4)Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1545913487, Iran. (5)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445613131, Iran. mrazi@razimd.info. The association between injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus (MM) has been known to orthopedic surgeons since 1936; O'Donoghue first used the term "unhappy triad" of the knee to describe this condition in 1950. Later studies revealed that involvement of the lateral meniscus is more common than MM in these cases, leading to a change in the definition. Recent studies have revealed that this triad may be primarily linked to knee anterolateral complex injuries. Although there is not a definite management protocol for this triad, we try to mention the most recent concepts about it in addition to expert opinions. ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i5.268 PMCID: PMC10251265