Specialized connective tissue: bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 14. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2019 Mar-Apr;33(2 Suppl. 1):103-117. XIX Congresso Nazionale S.I.C.O.O.P. Societa' Italiana Chirurghi Ortopedici Dell'ospedalita' Privata Accreditata. Genetics in orthopaedic practice. Aicale R(1)(2), Tarantino D(1), Maccauro G(3)(4), Peretti GM(5)(6), Maffulli N(1)(2)(7). Author information: (1)Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy. (2)San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona Hospital "Clinica Ortopedica" Department, Hospital of Salerno, Salerno, Italy. (3)A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University, Roma, Italy. (4)Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma. (5)IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. (6)Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. (7)Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, England. DNA holds genetic information in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; and has three different functions: replication, storage of hereditary information, and regulation of cell division. Most studies described the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to common orthopaedics diseases and the susceptibility to develop musculoskeletal injuries. Several mutations are associated with osteoporosis, musculoskeletal ailments and other musculoskeletal deformity and conditions. Several strategies, including gene therapy and tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), have been proposed to enhance healing of musculoskeletal tissues. Furthermore, a recent technique has revolutionized gene editing: clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology is characterized by simplicity in target design, affordability, versatility, and high efficiency, but needs more studies to become the preferred platform for genome editing. Predictive genomics DNA profiling allows to understand which genetic advantage, if any, may be exploited, and why a given rehabilitation protocol can be more effective in some individual than others. In conclusion, a better understanding of the genetic influence on the function of the musculoskeletal system and healing of its ailments is needed to plan and develop patient specific management strategies.