X-Linked Hypophosphatemia.

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Abstract

5. Radiographics. 2021 Jul-Aug;41(4):1144-1163. doi: 10.1148/rg.2021200198. Imaging Spectrum of Calvarial Abnormalities. Khodarahmi I(1), Alizai H(1), Chalian M(1), Alaia EF(1), Burke CJ(1), Slasky SE(1), Wenokor C(1). Author information: (1)From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.). Calvarial abnormalities are usually discovered incidentally on radiologic studies or less commonly manifest with symptoms. This narrative review describes the imaging spectrum of the abnormal calvaria. The extent, multiplicity, and other imaging features of calvarial abnormalities can be combined with the clinical information to establish a final diagnosis or at least narrow the differential considerations. Prior trauma (congenital depression, leptomeningeal cysts, posttraumatic osteolysis), surgical intervention (flap osteonecrosis and burr holes), infection, and inflammatory processes (sarcoidosis) can result in focal bone loss, which may also be seen with idiopathic disorders without (bilateral parietal thinning and Gorham disease) or with (Parry-Romberg syndrome) atrophy of the overlying soft tissues. Anatomic variants (arachnoid granulations, venous lakes, parietal foramina) and certain congenital lesions (epidermoid and dermoid cysts, atretic encephalocele, sinus pericranii, and aplasia cutis congenita) manifest as solitary lytic lesions. Other congenital entities (lacunar skull and dysplasia) display a diffuse pattern of skull involvement. Several benign and malignant primary bone tumors involve the calvaria and manifest as lytic, sclerotic, mixed lytic and sclerotic, or thinning lesions, whereas multifocal disease is mainly due to hematologic or secondary malignancies. Metabolic disorders such as rickets, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, acromegaly, and Paget disease involve the calvaria in a more diffuse pattern. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200198