Chitosan as a Bone Scaffold Biomaterial.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 15. Cells. 2023 Mar 10;12(6):859. doi: 10.3390/cells12060859. Application of 3D Printing in Bone Grafts. Brachet A(1), Bełżek A(2), Furtak D(2), Geworgjan Z(2), Tulej D(2), Kulczycka K(3), Karpiński R(4)(5), Maciejewski M(6), Baj J(7). Author information: (1)Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 9b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. (2)Student Scientific Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. (3)Institute of Health Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland. (4)Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland. (5)I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Głuska 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland. (6)Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland. (7)Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. The application of 3D printing in bone grafts is gaining in importance and is becoming more and more popular. The choice of the method has a direct impact on the preparation of the patient for surgery, the probability of rejection of the transplant, and many other complications. The aim of the article is to discuss methods of bone grafting and to compare these methods. This review of literature is based on a selective literature search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases from 2001 to 2022 using the search terms "bone graft", "bone transplant", and "3D printing". In addition, we also reviewed non-medical literature related to materials used for 3D printing. There are several methods of bone grafting, such as a demineralized bone matrix, cancellous allograft, nonvascular cortical allograft, osteoarticular allograft, osteochondral allograft, vascularized allograft, and an autogenic transplant using a bone substitute. Currently, autogenous grafting, which involves removing the patient's bone from an area of low aesthetic importance, is referred to as the gold standard. 3D printing enables using a variety of materials. 3D technology is being applied to bone tissue engineering much more often. It allows for the treatment of bone defects thanks to the creation of a porous scaffold with adequate mechanical strength and favorable macro- and microstructures. Bone tissue engineering is an innovative approach that can be used to repair multiple bone defects in the process of transplantation. In this process, biomaterials are a very important factor in supporting regenerative cells and the regeneration of tissue. We have years of research ahead of us; however, it is certain that 3D printing is the future of transplant medicine. DOI: 10.3390/cells12060859 PMCID: PMC10047278