Animal versus plant protein and adult bone health: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Competing Interests: TW is a consultant for the National Osteoporosis Foundation and the Egg Nutrition Center through his consulting firm, the Think Healthy Group, Inc. CW is a board member for Pharmavite. MK receives royalties from two published books related to a plant-based diet. MSW, MC, ZF, KI, ML, SS, JoS, and JiS report no conflicts of interest. The specific roles of all authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. 14. Eur J Neurol. 2025 May;32(5):e70176. doi: 10.1111/ene.70176. Short-Term Risk Factors for Bone Loss in Multiple Sclerosis: A Prospective Study and Literature Review. Zinganell A(1), Hegen H(1), Walde J(2), Barket R(1), Berek K(1), Auer M(1), Schmidauer M(1), Bsteh G(3)(4), Kroiss AS(5)(6), Griesmacher A(7), Waldner B(1)(8), Tschoner A(9), Berger T(3)(4), Deisenhammer F(1), Di Pauli F(1). Author information: (1)Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. (2)Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. (3)Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. (4)Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. (5)Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. (6)Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, General Hospital Barmherzige Schwestern, Ried im Innkreis, Austria. (7)Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. (8)Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria. (9)Clinical Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. BACKGROUND: Reduced bone mass and increased osteoporosis risk are common in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for short-term bone loss in MS. METHODS: This prospective study included 139 pwMS (ages 18-65). Baseline data included demographics, body-mass index, physical activity, smoking, menopause status, 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, and history of glucocorticoid use. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at baseline and after 2 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the lumbar spine and hip. Disability worsening was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Additionally, a literature review was conducted on longitudinal data regarding BMD in MS. RESULTS: Over the 2-year follow-up period, significant BMD loss was observed in the hip (baseline g/cm2: median 0.898; IQR 0.808-1.014; 2-year follow-up: 0.882; 0.784-1.01; p