Types: hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), distributive (septic, neurogenic), cardiogenic, obstructive. Initial approach: ATLS (Airway with C‑spine, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure). Hemorrhagic shock is most common in trauma; control bleeding + balanced transfusion (1:1:1) + permissive hypotension until hemorrhage control (except TBI). Resuscitation targets: lactate clearance, base deficit, urine output, MAP appropriate to context. Adjuncts: TXA within 3 hours of injury; damage control surgery principles. Orthopaedic hemorrhage control: pelvic binder, traction for femoral shaft, external fixation, tourniquet in limb exsanguination. Endpoints: normalization of mentation, MAP, lactate/base deficit clearance, warm peripheries, adequate urine output.
What is the most common type of shock encountered in orthopaedic trauma patients?
According to ATLS guidelines, which of the following is NOT a primary step in the initial approach to a trauma patient?
What is the recommended blood product transfusion ratio in the management of traumatic hemorrhagic shock?
In the context of traumatic hemorrhagic shock, what is the principle of permissive hypotension?
Which adjunct therapy is recommended to reduce mortality in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock if administered within 3 hours of injury?
Which of the following conditions is classified as obstructive shock?
What is the estimated blood loss for a femoral shaft fracture?
Which clinical sign is most indicative of hypovolemic shock?
What is the target urine output during resuscitation in trauma patients?
In the management of pelvic fractures, which method is commonly employed to control hemorrhage?
