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Shoulder Stiffness — Adhesive Capsulitis

Idiopathic or secondary; painful stiffness with capsular pattern (ER most limited). Stages: painful freezing → frozen → thawing; natural history 1–3 years. Nonoperative: NSAIDs, PT, intra‑articular steroid injections. Operative: MUA or arthroscopic capsular release for refractory cases. Rule out secondary causes (diabetes, thyroid, post‑surgical).