Evidence Search

Operative versus conservative management of AO Spine A3 and A4 thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of outcomes, risk factors, and anatomical level.

World neurosurgery | 2026 | Weber M, Hockmann J, Babasiz T, Eysel P

4. Vertebral Fracture. Whitney E(1), Alastra AJ. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–. 2023 Apr 3. Author information: (1)Arrowhead Neurosurgical Medical Group The vertebrae are bones in the spine joined by articulations that not only protect the spinal cord but also allow axial loading and support of the limbs. The spine is made up...

How reliable is the distinction between thoracolumbar AO type A3 and A4 fractures? A systematic literature review.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society | 2024 | Alabdallat YJ, Schroeder GD, Siddiqui S, Åkerstedt J

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 19. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012 Dec;98(8):900-9. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2012.09.014. Epub 2012 Nov 17. Percutaneous fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: current concepts. Court C(1), Vincent C. Author information: (1)Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery Department, Bicetre University hospital, Paris, France. charles.court@bct.aphp.fr Numerous improvements in mini...

Reliability and Validity of the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System: A Systematic Review.

Global spine journal | 2019 | Abedi A, Mokkink LB, Zadegan SA, Paholpak P

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Disclosures outside of submitted work: ZB-consultancy: Xenco Medical, AO Spine; Research Support: SeaSpine (paid to the institution) JCW-JCW – Royalties – Biomet,...

Spine Trauma Classifications: Historical, Current, and Emerging Perspectives for Radiologists.

The Indian journal of radiology & imaging | 2025 | Nandolia K, Saran S, Varshney G, Shirodkar K

Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest None declared. 7. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019 Jul;42(4):416-422. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1433267. Epub 2018 Feb 7. A simplified treatment algorithm for treating thoracic and lumbar spine trauma. Joaquim AF(1), Patel AA(2), Schroeder GD(3), Vaccaro AR(3). Author information: (1)a Neurosurgery Division , State University of Camp...

Subaxial spine trauma: radiological approach and practical implications.

Clinical radiology | 2021 | Masson de Almeida Prado R, Masson de Almeida Prado JL, Ueta RHS, Guimarães JB

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 3. World Neurosurg. 2026 Apr 20:124995. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2026.124995. Online ahead of print. Operative versus conservative management of AO Spine A3 and A4 thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of outcomes, risk factors, and anatomical level. Weber M(1), Hockmann J(2), Babasiz T(2), Eysel P(2), Müller LP(2), Wegmann S(2). Author information...

[Minimally invasive posterior and anterior stabilization of the thoracolumbar spine after traumatic injuries].

Der Unfallchirurg | 2020 | Dreimann M, Stangenberg M, Eicker SO, Frosch KH

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 13. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023 Aug 11;39(5):700-708. doi: 10.3171/2023.6.SPINE23515. Print 2023 Nov 1. Characterization of the influence of spinopelvic parameters on thoracolumbar trauma. Withrow JS(1), Monterey MD(1), Narro A(1), Haley L(1), Martinez Cruz M(1), Budde B(1), Trimble D(1), Sheinberg D(1), Zaragoza J(1), Li W(2)(3), Li Z(4), Caridi J(5), Quinn J...

A simplified treatment algorithm for treating thoracic and lumbar spine trauma.

The journal of spinal cord medicine | 2019 | Joaquim AF, Patel AA, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 8. Global Spine J. 2019 Apr;9(2):231-242. doi: 10.1177/2192568218806847. Epub 2018 Oct 15. Reliability and Validity of the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System: A Systematic Review. Abedi A(1), Mokkink LB(2)(3), Zadegan SA(4), Paholpak P(5), Tamai K(6), Wang JC(1), Buser Z(1). Author information: (1)University of Southern California, Los Ange...

AOSpine Classification Systems (Subaxial, Thoracolumbar).

Journal of orthopaedic trauma | 2017 | Schnake KJ, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Oner C

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 2. Clin Radiol. 2021 Dec;76(12):941.e1-941.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.09.006. Epub 2021 Sep 25. Subaxial spine trauma: radiological approach and practical implications. Masson de Almeida Prado R(1), Masson de Almeida Prado JL(2), Ueta RHS(3), Guimarães JB(4), Yamada AF(5). Author information: (1)Department of Radiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (...

Percutaneous vertebral augmentation in fragility fractures-indications and limitations.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society | 2017 | Gonschorek O, Hauck S, Weiß T, Bühren V

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 12. Unfallchirurg. 2020 Oct;123(10):752-763. doi: 10.1007/s00113-020-00860-0. [Minimally invasive posterior and anterior stabilization of the thoracolumbar spine after traumatic injuries]. [Article in German] Dreimann M(1), Stangenberg M(2), Eicker SO(3), Frosch KH(4), Viezens L(2). Author information: (1)Sektion Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Klinik für Unfallchi...

Imaging evaluation of traumatic thoracolumbar spine injuries: Radiological review.

World journal of radiology | 2015 | Gamanagatti S, Rathinam D, Rangarajan K, Kumar A

10. Indian J Orthop. 2015 Jan-Feb;49(1):72-82. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.143914. Management of thoracolumbar spine trauma: An overview. Rajasekaran S(1), Kanna RM(1), Shetty AP(1). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Thoracolumbar spine fractures are common injuries that can result in sig...

Percutaneous fixation of thoracolumbar fractures: current concepts.

Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR | 2012 | Court C, Vincent C

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 20. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jul 26;58(8):998. doi: 10.3390/medicina58080998. Artificial Intelligence Accurately Detects Traumatic Thoracolumbar Fractures on Sagittal Radiographs. Rosenberg GS(1)(2), Cina A(3), Schiró GR(4), Giorgi PD(4), Gueorguiev B(1), Alini M(1), Varga P(1), Galbusera F(5), Gallazzi E(6). Author information: (1)AO Research Institute Dav...

Vertebral Fracture.

Journal unavailable | 2026 | Whitney E, Alastra AJ

Conflict of interest statement: Disclosure: Eric Whitney declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Anthony Alastra declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 5. Global Spine J. 2022 Jul;12(6):1066-1073. doi: 10.1177/2192568220974339. Epub 2020 Dec 11. The Subaxial Cervical AO Spine Injury Score. Canseco JA(1...

Computed Tomography Fracture Patterns, Treatment Approaches, and AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification Concordance in Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center

International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research | 2026 | Venance Petro, Felister Uisso, Honest Massawe, Adnan Sadiq

ABSTRACT Aim: This study evaluated computed tomography (CT) fracture patterns, treatment approaches, and the association between fracture patterns and management, while assessing concordance between AO thoracolumbar Injury severity score (AOSTSIC) recommendations and actual management among thoracolumbar trauma patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) from 2022 t...

Comment on “The AO Spine TL Injury Classification System Drives Clinical Decision Making in Acute Thoracolumbar Fractures: A Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Implementation”

Global Spine Journal | 2026 | Yujia Cai, Xiaoting Li, Qingqiang Zeng

AO Spine Thoracolumbar and Sacral Injury Classification for the Radiologist

Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology | 2025

Letter to the Editor: Validation of the AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System Treatment Algorithm

Spine | 2024 | Shixiao Zhong, Weichao Li

Characterization of the influence of spinopelvic parameters on thoracolumbar trauma.

Journal of neurosurgery. Spine | 2023 | Withrow JS, Monterey MD, Narro A, Haley L

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 14. Int J Spine Surg. 2022 Aug;16(5):815-820. doi: 10.14444/8343. Epub 2022 Aug 31. Incidence and Associated Factors for Kyphosis Progression in Short-Segment Fixation Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures. Choovongkomol K(1), Piyapromdee U(2), Tanaviriyachai T(2), Jongkittanakul S(2), Sudprasert W(2). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mahar...

The Subaxial Cervical AO Spine Injury Score.

Global spine journal | 2022 | Canseco JA, Schroeder GD, Paziuk TM, Karamian BA

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. 6. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2025 Feb 27;35(4):529-539. doi: 10.1055/s-0045-1805025. eCollection 2025 Oct. Spine Trauma Classifications: Historical, Current, and Emerging Pers...

Incidence and Associated Factors for Kyphosis Progression in Short-Segment Fixation Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures.

International journal of spine surgery | 2022 | Choovongkomol K, Piyapromdee U, Tanaviriyachai T, Jongkittanakul S

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. 15. EFORT Open Rev. 2018 Nov 19;3(11):604-613. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170026. eCollection 2018 Nov. Percutaneous fixation of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. Sebaaly A(1)(2), Rizkallah M(1), Riouallon G(3), Wang Z(2), Moreau PE(3), Bachour F(1), Ma...

Artificial Intelligence Accurately Detects Traumatic Thoracolumbar Fractures on Sagittal Radiographs.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) | 2022 | Rosenberg GS, Cina A, Schiró GR, Giorgi PD

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The named authors have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Letter to the Editor Regarding “Retrospective Evaluation of Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System and Thoracolumbar AO Spine Injury Scores for the Decision Treatment of Thoracolumbar Traumatic Fractures in 458 Consecutive Patients”

World Neurosurgery | 2022 | Mohamed M. Aly

Retrospective Evaluation of Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System and Thoracolumbar AO Spine Injury Scores for the Decision Treatment of Thoracolumbar Traumatic Fractures in 458 Consecutive Patients

World Neurosurgery | 2021 | Xavier A. Santander, Gregorio Rodríguez-Boto

Operative versus Non-Operative Management of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Injuries according to the AO Spine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System

Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery | 2020 | Andrei F. Joaquim

AbstractIntroduction The AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification (AOSTSIC) system has been proposed to better characterize injury morphologies and improve the classification of thoracolumbar (TL) spine trauma. However, the indications for surgical treatment according to the AOSTSIC system are still debated. Additionally, the proposed Thoracolumbar AOSpine Injury Score...

The AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system: A comparative study with the thoracolumbar injury classification system and severity score in children: Erratum

OTA International: The Open Access Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 2019

Percutaneous fixation of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures.

EFORT open reviews | 2018 | Sebaaly A, Rizkallah M, Riouallon G, Wang Z

Conflict of interest statement: ICMJE Conflict of interest statement: G. Riouallon declares payment for speaking and/or teaching and travel costs from Medtronic, activity outside the submitted work. 16. Indian J Orthop. 2014 Nov;48(6):568-73. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.144219. Thoracolumbar fracture dislocations treated by posterior reduction, interbody fusion and segmental instrum...

AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries

Radiopaedia.org | 2018 | Rishabh Verma, Pooyan Khalighinejad, Francis Deng

AO thoracolumbar fracture classification system (diagrams)

Radiopaedia.org | 2018 | AO Foundation

Classification of Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures

Spine Surgery Education Programme | 2017 | Max Aebi

The surgical algorithm for the AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society | 2016 | Vaccaro AR, Schroeder GD, Kepler CK, Cumhur Oner F

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 18. Eur Spine J. 2024 Oct;33(10):3663-3676. doi: 10.1007/s00586-024-08381-9. Epub 2024 Jul 20. How reliable is the distinction between thoracolumbar AO type A3 and A4 fractures? A systematic literature review. Alabdallat YJ(1), Schroeder GD(2), Siddiqui S(3), Åkerstedt J(4), Aly MM(5)(6). Author information: (1)Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Za...

AO Spine Masters Series

Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma | 2016

Management of thoracolumbar spine trauma: An overview.

Indian journal of orthopaedics | 2015 | Rajasekaran S, Kanna RM, Shetty AP

Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest: None. 11. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017 Feb;43(1):9-17. doi: 10.1007/s00068-016-0753-7. Epub 2017 Jan 18. Percutaneous vertebral augmentation in fragility fractures-indications and limitations. Gonschorek O(1), Hauck S(2), Weiß T(2), Bühren V(2). Author information: (1)Department of Spine Surgery, BGU Trauma Center, Prof. Kü...

Thoracolumbar fracture dislocations treated by posterior reduction, interbody fusion and segmental instrumentation.

Indian journal of orthopaedics | 2014 | Wang XB, Yang M, Li J, Xiong GZ

Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest: None. 17. Eur Spine J. 2016 Apr;25(4):1087-94. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-3982-2. Epub 2015 May 8. The surgical algorithm for the AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system. Vaccaro AR(1), Schroeder GD(2), Kepler CK(2), Cumhur Oner F(3), Vialle LR(4), Kandziora F(5), Koerner JD(2), Kurd MF(2), Reinhold M(6), Schna...

AO spine classification system for thoracolumbar fractures

European Spine Journal | 2013 | Max Aebi

Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma Classification

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon | 2010 | Alpesh A. Patel, Alexander R. Vaccaro

Classification of Injuries to the Thoracolumbar Spine

Orthopedic Clinics of North America | 1986 | Robert W. Bucholz, Kevin Gill