Evidence Search

Management of first-time patellar dislocation: The ESSKA 2024 formal consensus-Part 2.

Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA | 2025 | Balcarek P, Blønd L, Beaufils P, Askenberger M

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Peter Balcarek reports consulting for Arthrex. Philippe Beaufils serves as the ESSKA Consensus Projects Advisor. Florian Dirisamer reports consulting for Arthrex and receives royalties from Arthrex Inc. Rene El Attal reports consulting for Arthrex, DepuySynthes and ZimmerBiomet. Geert Pagenstert reports consulting for DepuyS...

Hardware-free MPFL reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability is safe and effective.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research | 2022 | Marín Fermín T, Migliorini F, Kalifis G, Zikria BA

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 8. Patellar Instability. Wolfe S(1), Varacallo MA(2), Thomas JD, Carroll JJ(3), Kahwaji CI(4). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–. 2023 Sep 4. Author information: (1)Kaweah Delta Graduate Medical Education (2)Penn High...

Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment for Primary Patellar Dislocation.

Deutsches Arzteblatt international | 2020 | Frings J, Balcarek P, Tscholl P, Liebensteiner M

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 12. Z Orthop Unfall. 2017 Apr;155(2):169-176. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-122855. Epub 2017 Apr 28. Patella Dislocation in Children and Adolescents. [Article in English] Höhne S(1), Gerlach K(1), Irlenbusch L(2), Schulz M(2), Kunze C(3), Finke R(1). Author information: (1)Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine/Pediatric Surgery,...

Is fascia lata a viable graft for MPFL reconstruction? An overview of surgical technique and scoping literature review.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) | 2024 | Zachariou D, Karampinas P, Varsamos I, Galanis A

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. 16. Zhongguo Gu Shang. 2017 Mar 25;30(3):282-286. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0034.2017.03.020. [Current therapy progress on the recurrent patellar dislocation]. [Article in Chinese] Cao WQ(1), Ya...

Patellar Dislocation: Workup and Decision-Making.

Cureus | 2023 | Samelis PV, Koulouvaris P, Savvidou O, Mavrogenis A

Conflict of interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 4. Ann Jt. 2022 Jan 15;7:2. doi: 10.21037/aoj-2020-02. eCollection 2022. Evaluation and management of patellar instability. Dennis ER(1), Gruber S(1), Marmor WA(1), Shubin Stein BE(1). Author information: (1)The Patellofemoral Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Speci...

MPFL Repair Versus Rehabilitation After Acute First-Time Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis

Journal of ISAKOS | 2023

Evaluation and management of patellar instability.

Annals of joint | 2022 | Dennis ER, Gruber S, Marmor WA, Shubin Stein BE

Conflict of interest statement: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aoj-2020-02). The series “Sports Related Injuries of the Female Athlete” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. BESS reports personal fees from Arthrex, outside the submitted work. In a...

Return to Play Considerations After Patellar Instability.

Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine | 2022 | Lampros RE, Tanaka MJ

Conflict of interest statement: The authors did not receive any funding or grants in support of the research for or preparation of this work. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 15. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024 Nov 14;86(12):7299-7304. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002731. eCollection 2024 Dec. Is fascia lata a viable graft for MPFL reconstruction? An overview of surgical te...

Comparing Nonoperative Treatment, MPFL Repair, and MPFL Reconstruction for Patients With Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2021 | Zhongcheng Liu, Qiong Yi, Liangzhi He, Changjiang Yao

Background: Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, MPFL repair, and nonoperative treatment are important treatments for patients with patellar dislocation. However, it is unclear which treatment leads to better outcomes. Purpose: To determine the efficacy and safety of the 3 treatments in the treatment of patellar dislocation and compare the effect of MPFL recons...

Rehabilitation After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction.

Sports medicine and arthroscopy review | 2017 | McGee TG, Cosgarea AJ, McLaughlin K, Tanaka M

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 3. Cureus. 2023 Oct 9;15(10):e46743. doi: 10.7759/cureus.46743. eCollection 2023 Oct. Patellar Dislocation: Workup and Decision-Making. Samelis PV(1)(2), Koulouvaris P(3), Savvidou O(2), Mavrogenis A(4), Samelis VP(5), Papagelopoulos PJ(3)(2). Author information: (1)Orthopaedics, Children's General Hospital Panagiotis and Aglaia Kyriakou, Athens, GRC. (2)O...

[Current therapy progress on the recurrent patellar dislocation].

Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology | 2017 | Cao WQ, Yang ZQ, Wang G, Men YX

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. 17. J Exp Orthop. 2024 Oct 22;11(4):e70063. doi: 10.1002/jeo2.70063. eCollection 2024 Oct. Anatomic physeal-sparing MPFL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients shows...

Imaging assessment of patellar instability and its treatment in children and adolescents.

Pediatric radiology | 2016 | Meyers AB, Laor T, Sharafinski M, Zbojniewicz AM

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 10. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2012 Sep;20(3):128-35. doi: 10.1097/JSA.0b013e318256bbe5. First-time patellar dislocation: surgery or conservative treatment? Sillanpää PJ(1), Mäenpää HM. Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. Primary patellar dislocation injures the medial patellofemoral ligame...

Acute traumatic patellar dislocation.

Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR | 2015 | Duthon VB

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 2. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2017 Jun;25(2):105-113. doi: 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000147. Rehabilitation After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction. McGee TG(1), Cosgarea AJ, McLaughlin K, Tanaka M, Johnson K. Author information: (1)Departments of *Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation †Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD....

First-time patellar dislocation: surgery or conservative treatment?

Sports medicine and arthroscopy review | 2012 | Sillanpää PJ, Mäenpää HM

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 11. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 Apr 17;117(16):279-286. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0279. Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment for Primary Patellar Dislocation. Frings J(1), Balcarek P, Tscholl P, Liebensteiner M, Dirisamer F, Koenen P. Author information: (1)Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hambu...

Patellar Instability.

Journal unavailable | 2026 | Wolfe S, Varacallo MA, Thomas JD, Carroll JJ

Conflict of interest statement: Disclosure: Steve Wolfe declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Matthew Varacallo declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Joshua Thomas declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Jeffrey Carroll declares no relevant fin...

Care for Pediatric Patellofemoral Instability Prior to Orthopaedic Referral.

Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America | 2025 | Qian E, Yang AA, Freiman H, Franklin C

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 7. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022 Feb 22;17(1):121. doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-03008-5. Hardware-free MPFL reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellofemoral instability is safe and...

Osteochondral Fracture Associated With Patellar Dislocation: Surgical Treatment.

Video journal of sports medicine | 2025 | Martinez-Cano JP, Mejia FM

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Evaluation of Short-Term Clinical Results Following Isolated MPFL Reconstruction with Superficial Quadriceps or Hamstring Tendon in Patellar Dislocation: MPFL Reconstruction Using Quadriceps Versus Semitendinosus Autograft

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2025 | Yuki Suzuki, Yoshimitsu Aoki, Chiharu Inoue, Hisashi Matsumoto

Objectives: While hamstring autografts are widely used in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR), concerns have arisen regarding complications associated with the patella bone tunnel and fixation hardware, such as endobutton. As an alternative, the superficial quadriceps tendon (SQ) has also been used presently. The purpose of the present study is to compare the...

Outcomes of a Combined Procedure of Tibial Tubercle Proximalization, MPFL Reconstruction and Extensive Lateral Release for Revision Treatment of Habitual Patellar Dislocation in Flexion in Skeletally Mature Patients

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2025 | Zhijun Zhang, Daofeng Wang, Xuesong Wang, Hui Zhang

Background: Habitual patellar dislocation in flexion (HPD-F) is a rare condition in skeletally mature patients. Current literature reports that tibial tubercle proximalization has achieved favorable clinical outcomes for such patients. However, there are no studies to date reporting the clinical outcomes of revision surgery for skeletally mature HPD-F patients after failure of...

Anatomic physeal-sparing MPFL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients shows favourable outcomes at a minimum of 24-month follow-up.

Journal of experimental orthopaedics | 2024 | Ntagiopoulos P, Pozzi P, Kalinterakis G, Fligkos D

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 18. Skeletal Radiol. 2024 Mar;53(3):499-506. doi: 10.1007/s00256-023-04446-w. Epub 2023 Sep 5. Acute patellar dislocation: how skeletal maturity affects patterns of injury. Varada SL(1), Wong TT(2), Popkin CA(3), Jaramillo D(4). Author information: (1)Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeleta...

Acute patellar dislocation: how skeletal maturity affects patterns of injury.

Skeletal radiology | 2024 | Varada SL, Wong TT, Popkin CA, Jaramillo D

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 19. Case Rep Orthop. 2014;2014:647272. doi: 10.1155/2014/647272. Epub 2014 Mar 4. Treatment of habitual patellar dislocation in an adult by isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Bohu Y(1), Thaunat M(2), Lefevre N(3), Klouche S(3), Herman S(3), Catonné Y(2). Author information: (1)Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-H...

Anatomical Characteristics Contributing to Patellar Dislocations Following MPFL Reconstruction: A Dynamic Simulation Study.

Journal of biomechanical engineering | 2023 | Watts JC, Farrow LD, Elias JJ

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 14. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2022 Dec;15(6):597-605. doi: 10.1007/s12178-022-09792-1. Epub 2022 Nov 11. Return to Play Considerations After Patellar Instability. Lampros RE(1), Tanaka MJ(2). Author information: (1)Sports Physical Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. (2)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospita...

Stellenwert des MPFL-Bracings in der operativen Therapie der Patellaluxation

Arthroskopie | 2023 | Peter Balcarek, Felix Zimmermann

MPFL Behavior in Traction Tests after Width Equalization of Patellar and Femoral Insertions

Journal of Orthopedic Research and Therapy | 2023

INCIDENCE OF 2nd SURGERY AFTER MPFL RECONSTRUCTION AND SIMULTANEOUS OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURE FIXATION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS TREATED FOR PATELLAR DISLOCATION

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2020 | Lindsay M. Schlichte, Alexandra H. Aitchison, Daniel W. Green

Background: Osteochondral fractures occur in 5-15% of cases of acute or recurrent patellar dislocations. In these settings, early surgical intervention with biodegradable fixation nails is recommended to optimize healing. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of recurrent instability and second surgery following osteochondral fracture fixation with c...

Short Oblique Patellar Tunnels for Patellar Fixation Do Not Increase Fracture Risk in MPFL Reconstruction: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2020 | Milos Lesevic, Matthew Deasey, Zachary Burnett, David Diduch

Objectives: The current standard of care for recurrent patellar instability is reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), the primary soft tissue constraint to lateral subluxation of the patella. Historically, transpatellar bone tunnels have been associated with increased rates of patella fracture. To avoid this dreaded outcome, many surgeons now employ suture...

Patellar Dislocation

Essential Orthopedic Review | 2018 | Steven F. DeFroda

Patella Dislocation in Children and Adolescents.

Zeitschrift fur Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie | 2017 | Höhne S, Gerlach K, Irlenbusch L, Schulz M

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 13. J Biomech Eng. 2023 Apr 1;145(4):041003. doi: 10.1115/1.4055886. Anatomical Characteristics Contributing to Patellar Dislocations Following MPFL Reconstruction: A Dynamic Simulation Study. Watts JC(1), Farrow LD(2), Elias JJ(3). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, 1 Akron General Avenue, Akron, OH 44...

Patellar Dislocation

The Orthopedic Consult Survival Guide | 2017 | Jonathan D. Hodax

MPFL Repair for Acute Patella Dislocation

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 2016 | Steven Lawrie, James Welsh

Objectives: To report on the findings of a single surgeon series of MPFL(medial patello-femoral ligament) repair in the treatment of first time patella dislocation. Methods: 47 patients with 49 MPFL repairs for first time patella dislocation have been reviewed. All patients had pre-operative x-ray and MRI to define pathology, site of MPFL injury, presence of loose body/bodies,...

Treatment of habitual patellar dislocation in an adult by isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.

Case reports in orthopedics | 2014 | Bohu Y, Thaunat M, Lefevre N, Klouche S

20. Video J Sports Med. 2025 Oct 23;5(5):26350254251379507. doi: 10.1177/26350254251379507. eCollection 2025 Sep-Oct. Osteochondral Fracture Associated With Patellar Dislocation: Surgical Treatment. Martinez-Cano JP(1)(2), Mejia FM(1). Author information: (1)Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia. (2)Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia. BACKGROUND: Patellar dislocation can be a...

Traumatic Patellar Dislocation

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics | 2012 | Ross Baxter Willis, Gregory Firth

MPFL and ACL tears with patellar lateralisation

Radiopaedia.org | 2012 | Sajoscha Sorrentino

The Management of Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Orthopedic Clinics of North America | 2008 | Jack Andrish

Tibiofemoral rotation after isolated MPFL reconstruction in recurrent patellar dislocation with elevated TT–TG distance

Journal unavailable | QingLyu Shi, RunZe Li, Hua Li, LiChao Zhang

Abstract Background This study aimed to retrospectively present the radiologic outcomes in a cohort with recurrent patella dislocation (RPD) who have an elevated tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance (> 20 mm) following isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (i-MPFL-R), and to exhibit the tibiofemoral rotation in RPD patients. Methods RPD patients wi...