Malunion = fracture healing in unacceptable position (angulation, rotation, shortening, translation). Nonunion = failure of fracture to heal in expected time (9 months with no signs of healing for 3 months). Biological vs mechanical causes; infection as a major impediment. Hypertrophic (good biology, poor mechanics) vs atrophic (poor biology) nonunion. Workup: history, exam, radiographs, lab workup for infection; advanced imaging if required. Management: restore stability and biology — fixation, grafting, biologics, debridement if infection. Malunion management: osteotomy with correction and fixation if symptomatic.
What is the primary biological cause of hypertrophic nonunion?
Which imaging modality is considered the gold standard for measuring rotational deformity in a malunited femur?
In the context of nonunion, what does the term 'delayed union' refer to?
What is the significance of the 'diamond concept' in fracture healing?
Which of the following is a common clinical finding associated with malunion of the distal radius?
What is the recommended management for symptomatic malunion of a long bone?
What is the minimum time frame for defining nonunion according to the FDA?
Which laboratory test is crucial in the workup for suspected nonunion?
What type of malunion is characterized by an angular deformity in the tibia that leads to medial compartment overload?
What is the primary goal in the management of nonunion?
