Definition (WHO): low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration → fragility fractures; T‑score ≤ −2.5 on DEXA. Common sites: vertebral compression, hip (femoral neck/intertrochanteric), distal radius. Risk factors: age, female sex, postmenopausal status, low BMI, glucocorticoids, smoking/alcohol, endocrine/renal disease. Workup: DEXA (hip/spine), FRAX (10‑yr risk), labs to exclude secondary causes (Ca, PO4, ALP, 25‑OH Vit D, TSH, PTH, renal/liver). Treatment: lifestyle (Ca 1000–1200 mg; Vit D 800–1000 IU; resistance/balance exercise; fall prevention); pharmacotherapy for T ≤ −2.5 or prior fragility fracture or high FRAX. Pharmacology: bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate), denosumab, anabolic agents (teriparatide/abaloparatide; romosozumab), SERMs (raloxifene) in selected women. Monitoring: repeat DEXA 1–2 years; drug holidays after 3–5 yrs oral/3 yrs IV bisphosphonate in low‑risk; continue in high‑risk. Complications & prevention: vertebral kyphosis, hip fracture morbidity/mortality; hip protectors, home safety, vision correction.
Introduction Intertrochanteric fractures are extracapsular fractures occurring between the greater and lesser trochanter of the proximal femur. T...
Introduction Colles fracture is a common extra-articular fracture of the distal radius typically occurring within 2–3 cm of the wrist joint...
Case Presentation A 68-year-old female presented to the emergency department following a trivial fall at home with severe pain and inability to b...
What is the WHO definition of osteoporosis based on DEXA T-score?
Which of the following is NOT a common site for fragility fractures in osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a key risk factor for developing osteoporosis?
What is the purpose of the FRAX tool in osteoporosis management?
Which medication class is primarily used for the pharmacological management of osteoporosis?
What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin D for the management of osteoporosis in adults?
When should a repeat DEXA scan be performed in patients with osteoporosis?
What lifestyle modification is recommended to prevent further fractures in osteoporosis patients?
Which of the following complications is commonly associated with osteoporosis?
Which of the following treatments is considered an anabolic agent for osteoporosis?
