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Proper X-ray positioning is essential because rotation, poor centring, inadequate exposure or incomplete anatomical coverage can significantly alter the apparent alignment and pathology on musculoskeletal radiographs. Orthopaedic interpreta...
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Hyperextension of PIP with flexion of DIP joint. Caused by RA (most common), trauma, chronic mallet finger, spasticity. Clinical: finger looks like swan neck, loss of gri...
Fibroproliferative disorder of palmar fascia causing fixed flexion deformity of fingers. Risk factors: male, >40 years, northern European descent, diabetes, alcoholism, s...
Injury to ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of thumb MCP joint. Mechanism: valgus stress from fall on abducted thumb (ski pole). Clinical: pain, swelling, instability at MC...
Menisci are fibrocartilaginous structures aiding load transmission, stability, and lubrication. Types: longitudinal, horizontal, radial, flap, bucket handle, complex. Cli...
Most common carpal instability; due to disruption of scapholunate ligament. Clinical: wrist pain, weakness, clicking; positive Watson’s test. Radiology: gap >3 mm (‘Terry...
Avascular necrosis of lunate; affects young adults, more in men. Risk factors: negative ulnar variance, trauma, vascular anomalies. Lichtman staging I–IV guides managemen...
Avulsion of extensor tendon at DIP joint; may involve bony fragment. Mechanism: sudden forced flexion of extended DIP (e.g., ball injury). Clinical: inability to extend D...
Trigger finger: stenosing tenosynovitis of flexor tendon sheath (A1 pulley). Symptoms: painful clicking/locking of finger; risk in diabetics, RA. De Quervain: stenosing t...
Used after wide resection of distal femur/proximal tibia tumors. Modular systems allow intraoperative flexibility and immediate stability. Expandable designs used in chil...
Lateral deviation of great toe with medial eminence (bunion). Risk factors: female gender, footwear, ligamentous laxity, pes planus. Clinical: pain, callosities, overlapp...
Biopsy is critical for diagnosis but must follow strict oncological principles. Plan biopsy with final surgery in mind; incision should be longitudinal and in line with r...
Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents (after myeloma overall). Sites: metaphysis of long bones—distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus. X‑ray: su...
