Explore high-yield orthopaedic topics with structured summaries, linked cases, and integrated learning pathways.
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Comprehensive guide to orthopaedic screws covering screw anatomy and geometry, cortical and cancellous screws, lag screws and the lag technique, locking screws, cannulated screws, headless compression screws, malleolar and positional screws...
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Second most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults. Occurs age 40–70 yrs; M > F. Common sites: pelvis, femur, shoulder girdle, ribs. Variants: conventional, clear...
Enchondroma: intramedullary cartilage tumor, common in hand phalanges. Osteochondroma: cartilage-capped exophytic lesion from metaphysis. Syndromes: Ollier, Maffucci (enc...
Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults (median age ~65 yrs). Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells → monoclonal immunoglobulin production. Classical CRAB f...
Relapse often due to **brace non‑compliance**; dynamic supination is common in toddlers. Initial management is **re‑casting** following Ponseti principles; evaluate for r...
OI due to COL1A1/2 defects; **Sillence I–IV** (classic) with expanded types V–VII; severity ranges from mild to perinatal lethal. Clinical: **blue sclerae**, dentinogenes...
Gartland I–III (± IV for multidirectional instability). Complications to watch: **brachial artery injury**, **median/anterior interosseous nerve palsy**, **compartment sy...
Second most common malignant bone tumor in children/adolescents after osteosarcoma. Characterized by t(11;22) → EWS-FLI1 translocation. Common sites: diaphysis of long bo...
Early detection with Barlow/Ortolani; ultrasound (Graf) guides treatment under 6 months. Pavlik harness is first‑line for reducible dislocation under ~6 months; avoid exc...
Loder classification: **Stable** (able to walk, even with aids) vs **Unstable** (non‑ambulatory) — strongest predictor of AVN. Typical patient: obese adolescent (boys > g...
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of capital femoral epiphysis in 4–8‑year‑olds (boys > girls). Radiographic **Waldenström stages**: Initial, Fragmentation, Re‑ossification,...
Pathologic varus from disordered endochondral growth of medial proximal tibial physis; early walkers/obesity risk. **Langenskiöld stages I–VI** describe progressive physe...
Wiltse etiologic types: I dysplastic, II isthmic (IIA lytic, IIB elongated pars, IIC acute pars), III degenerative, IV traumatic (other than pars), V pathologic, VI iatro...
