Explore high-yield orthopaedic topics with structured summaries, linked cases, and integrated learning pathways.
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Comprehensive guide to orthopaedic screws covering screw anatomy and geometry, cortical and cancellous screws, lag screws and the lag technique, locking screws, cannulated screws, headless compression screws, malleolar and positional screws...
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CT: excellent for cortical bone, 3D recon. MRI: excellent for marrow, soft tissue, ligaments, cartilage. CT indications: complex fractures (pelvis, acetabulum, calcaneus)...
Bone scan = radionuclide (Tc-99m MDP) uptake proportional to osteoblastic activity. Highly sensitive for metastasis, stress fractures, infection, AVN. PET (FDG-PET): meas...
ETC: definitive fixation within 24 h for stable patients. DCO: temporary stabilization in unstable patients; definitive fixation after stabilization. Second hit phenomeno...
Score based on skeletal/soft tissue injury, ischemia, shock, age. Ischemia >6 h doubles points. MESS ≥7 → amputation likely. Adjunct tool; not absolute.
Common alloys: 316L stainless, cobalt‑chrome, titanium (Ti‑6Al‑4V). Corrosion mechanisms: fretting at modular junctions, crevice under plates, galvanic with dissimilar me...
Definition (WHO): low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration → fragility fractures; T‑score ≤ −2.5 on DEXA. Common sites: vertebral compression, hip (femoral nec...
Focal disorder of accelerated bone turnover: osteoclastic resorption followed by disorganized osteoblastic formation → enlarged, weak, vascular bone. Common sites: pelvis...
SSI prevention bundle: preop optimization (glucose, smoking cessation), skin prep with alcohol‑chlorhexidine, timed antibiotic prophylaxis, normothermia, OR traffic contr...
Seddon: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis; Sunderland expands to 5 degrees based on structural disruption. Degree I: conduction block; II: axonal disruption intact en...
Zones: reserve (resting), proliferative, hypertrophic (maturation, degeneration, provisional calcification). Regulation: Ihh/PTHrP feedback loop, GH/IGF‑1 axis, local fac...
Phases: inflammation → soft callus (cartilage) → hard callus (woven bone) → remodeling (lamellar). Primary (direct) vs secondary (indirect) healing; absolute vs relative...
Buckle/Torus: Compression failure of cortex (metaphyseal) — stable; treat with short immobilization/splint. Plastic Bowing: Microfracture without discrete break; persiste...
