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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Occurs in ages 3–6; risk of late valgus (Cozen phenomenon) due to asymmetric overgrowth. Usually metaphyseal greenstick/complete fractures from low‑energy mechanisms (tra...
Fix if fragment >25–30% of tibial plafond, >2 mm displacement, syndesmotic instability, or posterolateral fragment involving PITFL. CT-based morphology guides approach: p...
CSM is progressive spinal cord dysfunction due to degenerative stenosis (disc osteophyte complex, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, OPLL). Symptoms: hand clumsiness, gait im...
Sanders classification: based on CT coronal posterior facet fractures. Essex-Lopresti: tongue vs joint depression patterns. Operative indications: displacement >2 mm, mal...
High-energy injury with high risk of popliteal artery injury (10–40%). Urgent reduction and splinting; check pulses + ABI. If ABI
Concept: balance early fixation vs systemic insult. ETC = early total care in stable patients; DCO = staged for unstable. Indicators for DCO: ISS >40, hypothermia, acidos...
BOAST 4 guidelines: antibiotics ASAP, tetanus, debridement, stabilization, soft tissue cover. Do not remove bone fragments unless grossly non-viable. Definitive cover wit...
Symptomatic nonunion: pain, cosmetic deformity, scapular dyskinesis, and weakness. Standard treatment: compression plating + autogenous iliac crest bone graft for atrophi...
Goal: prevent surgical site infections (SSI). Airflow: laminar, HEPA, positive pressure. Staff: gown, glove, mask, restrict movement. Instruments: autoclave, ETO, H2O2 pl...
Level selection balances wound healing potential, prosthetic energy cost, and function. Upper limb: transmetacarpal, wrist disarticulation, trans‑radial, elbow disarticul...
Viable (hypertrophic/oligotrophic) vs non‑viable (atrophic, necrotic, defect, comminuted). Radiographic callus indicates biology; absence suggests poor biology. Guides tr...
ATLS: binder early for unstable pelvis; hemorrhage control is priority. Tile A stable, B rotationally unstable, C rot + vertical unstable. Hemorrhage control: binder, ex-...
