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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Biologic response to wear particles (polyethylene > metal/cement) drives periprosthetic osteolysis via macrophage cytokine cascade. Risk factors: conventional PE, thin li...
Classification guides treatment by considering fracture location, implant stability, and bone stock. THA femur: **Vancouver** (A: trochanteric; B1: around stem-stable; B2...
Oncologic principles: accurate diagnosis, staging (MRI, PET/CT), biopsy planning, and **wide margins**. Indications: resectable tumors with adequate soft-tissue coverage...
Most common malignant tumor of bone overall. Primary sources: breast, prostate, lung, kidney, thyroid. Lesions: breast (mixed), prostate (blastic), lung/kidney/thyroid (l...
PCL resists posterior tibial translation. Mechanism: dashboard injury, fall on flexed knee with foot plantarflexed. Clinical: posterior sag sign, posterior drawer test, q...
Meniscus vital for load transmission, shock absorption, joint stability. Repair preferred when possible (red-red, red-white tears, vertical longitudinal). Meniscectomy in...
Rotator cuff provides dynamic stability and elevation of shoulder. Tears: acute traumatic vs degenerative. Indications for repair: symptomatic full-thickness tear, acute...
Second most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults. Occurs age 40–70 yrs; M > F. Common sites: pelvis, femur, shoulder girdle, ribs. Variants: conventional, clear...
Enchondroma: intramedullary cartilage tumor, common in hand phalanges. Osteochondroma: cartilage-capped exophytic lesion from metaphysis. Syndromes: Ollier, Maffucci (enc...
Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults (median age ~65 yrs). Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells → monoclonal immunoglobulin production. Classical CRAB f...
Relapse often due to **brace non‑compliance**; dynamic supination is common in toddlers. Initial management is **re‑casting** following Ponseti principles; evaluate for r...
OI due to COL1A1/2 defects; **Sillence I–IV** (classic) with expanded types V–VII; severity ranges from mild to perinatal lethal. Clinical: **blue sclerae**, dentinogenes...
