Types of Callus in Fracture Healing
External (periosteal) vs internal (endosteal) callus; bridging and uniting fragments. Primary (contact) healing has minimal/no callus under rigid stability; secondary hea...
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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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External (periosteal) vs internal (endosteal) callus; bridging and uniting fragments. Primary (contact) healing has minimal/no callus under rigid stability; secondary hea...
Widened physes with cupping and fraying at metaphysis; generalized osteopenia. Rachitic rosary at costochondral junction; Harrison’s sulcus due to diaphragmatic pull. Loo...
Formation markers: bone‑specific ALP, osteocalcin, P1NP. Resorption markers: CTX (C‑telopeptide), NTX, TRAP‑5b. Uses: monitoring therapy in osteoporosis and metabolic bon...
Gait cycle: stance (~60%) and swing (~40%); double support ~20% of cycle. Rocker phases: heel rocker, ankle rocker, forefoot rocker enable forward progression. Determinan...
Recurrent hemarthroses → synovial hypertrophy → cartilage damage and arthropathy (ankle, knee, elbow). Evaluation: bleeding history, factor levels/inhibitors, US/MRI for...
ISS: anatomical score using AIS; 1–75; >15 = major trauma. RTS: physiological score (GCS, SBP, RR);
Benign: slow, well circumscribed, no metastasis. Malignant: rapid, infiltrative, metastasis. Histology: benign differentiated; malignant atypia, mitoses, necrosis. Radiol...
Cierny–Mader classifies adult osteomyelitis by anatomic type (I–IV) and host status (A/B/C). Type I: Medullary; Type II: Superficial; Type III: Localized (cortical seques...
Subacute osteomyelitis presenting as a localized lytic lesion with sclerotic rim (usually metaphyseal). Typical organisms: Staphylococcus aureus; culture may be negative....
Diagnosis uses consensus criteria (MSIS/ICM) combining major and minor criteria. Classify by timing: early (24 mo) — guides biofilm maturity and strategy. Treatment optio...
Classically 24–72 h after long‑bone/pelvic fractures or IM reaming; triad: hypoxemia, neurological signs, petechiae. Diagnosis is clinical; supported by Gurd’s criteria (...
Heterotopic ossification in muscle after trauma or neurological injury. Common sites: quadriceps, brachialis, adductors. Symptoms: painful swelling → hard mass, ↓ROM. Rad...