Explore high-yield orthopaedic topics with structured summaries, linked cases, and integrated learning pathways.
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Comprehensive guide to orthopaedic screws covering screw anatomy and geometry, cortical and cancellous screws, lag screws and the lag technique, locking screws, cannulated screws, headless compression screws, malleolar and positional screws...
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Neer classification (parts displaced >1 cm or >45°): guides management. Non‑operative for minimally displaced; ORIF (locking plate) for displaced 2–3 part; hemiarthroplas...
Primary neurapraxia occurs in ~10–15% closed fractures; most recover spontaneously by 3–4 months. Immediate exploration for open fractures, vascular injury, high‑energy w...
Radial shaft fracture with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Occurs in middle to distal third radius fracture. Requires ORIF of radius and stabilization o...
Terrible triad = posterior elbow dislocation + radial head fracture + coronoid fracture. Highly unstable pattern, requires surgical fixation of all components. Goal: conc...
Indication: simple, non-comminuted transverse olecranon fractures (AO 21-B1) with intact dorsal cortex. Principle: converts triceps tensile force into compression at the...
External (periosteal) vs internal (endosteal) callus; bridging and uniting fragments. Primary (contact) healing has minimal/no callus under rigid stability; secondary hea...
Widened physes with cupping and fraying at metaphysis; generalized osteopenia. Rachitic rosary at costochondral junction; Harrison’s sulcus due to diaphragmatic pull. Loo...
Formation markers: bone‑specific ALP, osteocalcin, P1NP. Resorption markers: CTX (C‑telopeptide), NTX, TRAP‑5b. Uses: monitoring therapy in osteoporosis and metabolic bon...
Gait cycle: stance (~60%) and swing (~40%); double support ~20% of cycle. Rocker phases: heel rocker, ankle rocker, forefoot rocker enable forward progression. Determinan...
Recurrent hemarthroses → synovial hypertrophy → cartilage damage and arthropathy (ankle, knee, elbow). Evaluation: bleeding history, factor levels/inhibitors, US/MRI for...
ISS: anatomical score using AIS; 1–75; >15 = major trauma. RTS: physiological score (GCS, SBP, RR);
Benign: slow, well circumscribed, no metastasis. Malignant: rapid, infiltrative, metastasis. Histology: benign differentiated; malignant atypia, mitoses, necrosis. Radiol...
