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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Physis has zonal architecture; hypertrophic zone is weakest and fails in most injuries. Salter–Harris I–V (Slip, Above, Lower, Through, Rammed) with Ogden’s extension (VI...
Lewis–Rorabeck and Su classifications guide treatment; stability of the femoral component is the key decision point. Stable TKA → fixation (locking plate or retrograde na...
Supraspinatus most commonly torn; tears progress from partial to full‑thickness and can propagate posteriorly/anteriorly. Painful arc, night pain, and weakness on specifi...
TUBS (Traumatic, Unidirectional, Bankart, Surgery) vs AMBRI (Atraumatic, Multidirectional, Bilateral, Rehab, Inferior capsular shift). Glenoid bone loss >20–25% → Latarje...
Indications: displaced transverse fractures with intact extensor. Principle: converts tensile quadriceps force into compression at fracture site. Technique: 2 parallel K-...
Definition: fracture adjacent to fixation device or prosthesis. Differentiate peri-implant vs periprosthetic. Causes: stress risers, osteopenia, trauma. Management: depen...
Ilizarov fixator allows bone transport for segmental loss. Principle: distraction osteogenesis by gradual tension on callus. Indications: infected nonunion, bone loss, de...
Malunion = fracture healed in unacceptable alignment causing functional, cosmetic, or biomechanical issues. Decision to correct depends on symptoms, joint at risk, magnit...
Classification based on position of foot + force direction. Common: Supination-External Rotation (SER), Supination-Adduction (SA), Pronation-Abduction (PA), Pronation-Ext...
Hawkins classification I–IV based on displacement/dislocation. AVN risk increases with stage: I 90%. Urgent reduction and fixation critical to preserve talar blood supply...
Lisfranc joint = tarsometatarsal articulation; key stabilizer = Lisfranc ligament (medial cuneiform to 2nd MT base). Mechanism: axial load with plantar flexion/twist. Dia...
AO 33 classification. Locking plate vs retrograde nail. Principles: joint first, then shaft. Complications: nonunion, malalignment, stiffness.
