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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Hemiarthroplasty: isolated humeral head disease (e.g., AVN, head-splitting fracture). Anatomic TSA: primary OA, RA, post-traumatic arthritis with intact rotator cuff. Rev...
Indicated for cuff tear arthropathy, pseudoparalysis, massive irreparable cuff tears. Developed by Grammont: medialized & lowered center of rotation. Deltoid substitutes...
Locally aggressive benign tumor in skeletally mature adults (20–40 yrs). Campanacci classification: Grade I (latent), II (active), III (aggressive with soft tissue extens...
Expansile blood-filled benign tumor in children/young adults. Common sites: metaphysis of long bones, spine posterior elements. X-ray: blow-out lesion with thin shell, se...
Developmental fibro‑osseous lesion replacing normal bone with fibrous tissue. Types: monostotic (70%), polyostotic; associated with McCune–Albright (café‑au‑lait, endocri...
Biopsy should be performed only by definitive surgical team at referral center. Types: core needle (preferred), incisional, excisional. Incision along surgical approach,...
Follow ATLS with careful immobilization; CT is first‑line imaging for suspected injury. AO Subaxial classification guides stability and surgical approach; assess disco‑li...
Correct deformities in **CAVE** order: **C**avus → **A**dductus → **V**arus → **E**quinus. Use **Ponseti casting** with abduction and supination around talar head; avoid...
Autosomal dominant **FGFR3** mutation → rhizomelic limb shortening with normal trunk, macrocephaly. Neonates risk **foramen magnum stenosis** and central apnea; screen in...
Failure of mineralization at the growth plate → metaphyseal cupping, fraying, and splaying with genu varum/valgum. Differentiate **nutritional vitamin D deficiency** from...
High‑grade intramedullary osteosarcoma affects metaphyses of long bones in adolescents (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus). Workup: **X‑rays**, **MRI with co...
First‑time dislocation: non-op unless loose bodies/osteochondral fracture or gross instability. Recurrent instability → MPFL reconstruction; address bony factors (TT‑TG d...
