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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Lenke classification guides fusion levels using curve type, lumbar modifier, and sagittal modifier. Bracing is effective in skeletally immature (Risser 0–2) with 25–40° c...
Scheuermann disease: rigid structural kyphosis with ≥3 adjacent vertebrae wedged ≥5° and Schmorl nodes. Post‑TB kyphosis is angular with short apex, often severe and prog...
SC joint dislocations: anterior (more common, often stable after reduction) vs posterior (rare but life‑threatening due to mediastinal compression). Posterior dislocation...
Rockwood I–VI classification based on AC/CC ligament disruption and clavicle displacement. I–II: non-op (sling, rehab). III: controversial; IV–VI: surgery. Surgical optio...
Pediatric equivalent of ACL tear — bony avulsion of tibial eminence. Meyers–McKeever Types I–III (and IV comminuted) guide management. Type I: cast in extension; II–III/I...
Red‑red (peripheral) zone heals best; red‑white intermediate; white‑white avascular. Vertical longitudinal (bucket handle) tears in young → repair; complex/degenerative t...
High‑energy axial load injures distal tibial plafond with severe soft‑tissue compromise. Standard of care is staged protocol: **span → scan → settle → ORIF**. Restore len...
Tarsal navicular: body, tuberosity, and stress fractures; critical for medial column length and talonavicular congruity. Cuboid: 'nutcracker' fracture from forefoot abduc...
1st metatarsal fractures affect medial column; greater functional impact. 5th metatarsal: distinguish avulsion (zone 1), Jones (zone 2), and diaphyseal stress (zone 3). M...
Maisonneuve injury = proximal fibular fracture + syndesmotic disruption + medial injury (deltoid/medial malleolus). Mechanism: external rotation with pronation. Examine e...
Functional elbow arc ≈ 30–130° flexion and 50°/50° pronation–supination (Morrey). Common causes: trauma, HO, prolonged immobilization, intra‑articular fracture, infection...
TFCC stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint and dissipates ulnar‑sided load. Palpable 'fovea sign', ulnar grind, and DRUJ shift test support diagnosis. MRI useful; wrist...
