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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Types I–VIII: extra- vs intra-articular, DRUJ involvement, and ulnar styloid fracture. Intra-articular (III–VIII) have higher arthritis risk; often require ORIF.
A: acute stable (A1 tubercle, A2 nondisplaced waist). B: acute unstable (B1 distal oblique, B2 displaced waist, B3 proximal pole, B4 comminuted, B5 perilunate). C: delaye...
I: incomplete/valgus impacted; II: complete, nondisplaced. III: complete, partially displaced (varus); IV: complete, fully displaced. I–II stable → fixation; III–IV unsta...
Radial head and neck fractures are common elbow injuries caused most often by a fall on an outstretched hand that transmits axial force through the forearm to the elbow....
Type I: nondisplaced (A noncomminuted / B comminuted). Type II: displaced but stable (A/B). Type III: displaced and unstable (A/B). Type I conservative; II–III usually re...
I: tip avulsion; II: 50% height. II–III indicate elbow instability, commonly part of terrible triad → fixation required.
I: anterior radial head dislocation (ulna angulated anterior). II: posterior; III: lateral; IV: both bones fractured with radial head dislocation. ORIF ulna restores radi...
Distal radial shaft fracture with distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) disruption. Unstable pattern: ORIF radius and stabilize DRUJ.
Localized malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bone or soft tissue without systemic myeloma. Common in vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, femur. Symptoms: pain, swelling, pat...
Allman: Type I midshaft; Type II distal; Type III medial third. Neer distal clavicle: Type I stable; IIA/IIB unstable (CC ligaments disrupted); Type III intra-articular;...
I: sprain; II: AC torn, CC intact; III: AC+CC torn with superior displacement. IV: posterior displacement; V: marked superior displacement; VI: inferior displacement (rar...
Types I–V: rim (anterior/posterior), transverse, and complex intra-articular patterns. Large articular fragments or instability need ORIF; small rim fractures stable may...
