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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Compression: anterior column only — usually stable. Burst: anterior + middle columns — unstable, canal compromise risk. Flexion-distraction (Chance): posterior tension fa...
Type A (compression): A1 wedge, A2 split, A3 incomplete burst, A4 complete burst. Type B (tension band): B1 posterior through bone/ligament, B2 posterior + anterior, B3 a...
Type I: tip avulsion (rare, stable). Type II: base of dens (common, unstable, high nonunion). Type III: into C2 body (better healing).
Type I: 3 mm and/or angulation (disc injury) — traction/halo or surgery. Type IIa: flexion–distraction variant (marked angulation). Type III: with C2–3 facet dislocation...
APC I–III: progressive symphysis/SI disruption (III complete). LC I–III: sacral compression → crescent fx → windswept (bilateral). VS: vertical shear; CM: combined mechan...
Zone 1: lateral to foramina (alar) — low neuro risk. Zone 2: through foramina — higher L5/S1 root risk. Zone 3: medial to foramina (central canal) — highest cauda equina...
Elementary: posterior wall/column, anterior wall/column, transverse. Associated: posterior column+wall, transverse+posterior wall, T-shaped, anterior column/posterior hem...
I: nondisplaced posterior facet; II: two-part; III: three-part; IV: comminuted (>3 parts). Type correlates with outcome; II–III often ORIF; IV has poorest prognosis.
I: no dislocation; II: subtalar dislocation; III: subtalar + tibiotalar; IV: plus talonavicular. AVN risk escalates I→IV; displaced types require urgent reduction and fix...
A: total incongruity; B1: medial partial; B2: lateral partial; C1: divergent partial; C2: divergent complete. Any >2 mm displacement typically requires surgical fixation/...
Zone I: tuberosity avulsion (pseudo-Jones) — usually heals conservatively. Zone II: Jones fracture at metaphyseal–diaphyseal junction — watershed area, higher nonunion →...
A: stable (posterior arch intact). B: rotationally unstable, vertically stable (open-book APC or LC injuries). C: rotationally + vertically unstable (complete posterior d...
