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Proper X-ray positioning is essential because rotation, poor centring, inadequate exposure or incomplete anatomical coverage can significantly alter the apparent alignment and pathology on musculoskeletal radiographs. Orthopaedic interpreta...
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Hand injuries require careful assessment of bone, joint, tendon, ligament, nail bed and neurovascular structures. Metacarpal and phalangeal fractures are common, with rot...
Syndesmotic injuries involve disruption of the distal tibiofibular ligament complex and may occur as isolated high ankle sprains or in association with ankle fractures. T...
Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, c...
Pes planus (flatfoot) is a deformity characterized by loss or reduction of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, resulting in hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and...
Syme's amputation is a through-ankle amputation in which the foot is removed while preserving the heel pad and distal tibia-fibula, allowing end-bearing ambulation. Origi...
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common upper-limb compression neuropathy and results from compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, most commonly wit...
Comprehensive guide to orthopaedic screws covering screw anatomy and geometry, cortical and cancellous screws, lag screws and the lag technique, locking screws, cannulate...
Comprehensive guide to knee arthroscopy covering indications, patient positioning, standard and accessory portals with anatomical landmarks, the 10-point systematic diagn...
Comprehensive guide to floating joint injuries covering floating knee (Fraser classification, ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures), floating elbow (ipsilateral humerus...
Comprehensive guide to Kirschner wire (K-wire) principles in orthopaedic surgery covering wire properties and sizes, biomechanical principles of fixation, insertion techn...
Comprehensive guide to lumbar disc herniation covering disc anatomy and pathology, morphological classification (protrusion, extrusion, sequestration), dermatomal levels,...
Comprehensive guide to anterior cruciate ligament injury covering anatomy, biomechanics, clinical diagnosis including Lachman and pivot shift tests, graft selection, fixa...
