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Proper X-ray positioning is essential because rotation, poor centring, inadequate exposure or incomplete anatomical coverage can significantly alter the apparent alignment and pathology on musculoskeletal radiographs. Orthopaedic interpreta...
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Second most common primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma, usually >40 years. Common sites: pelvis, femur, humerus, ribs. Graded histologically (I–III); dediffer...
Benign osteoblastic tumor
Spectrum: cellulitis, abscess, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis. Principles: Early recognition, debridement, targeted antibiotics, stabilization, soft‑tissue cover. Diagno...
HIV patients prone to bacterial (Staph aureus), mycobacterial (TB), fungal infections. Salmonella is a classic cause of osteomyelitis in HIV, especially with sickle cell...
Colles: extra-articular, dorsal tilt; Smith: extra-articular, volar tilt; Barton: intra-articular rim fracture. Clinical deformities: dinner-fork (Colles), garden-spade (...
Most common carpal fracture, usually waist (70%). Blood supply retrograde to proximal pole → high risk of AVN. Clinical: anatomical snuffbox tenderness, pain on axial loa...
Neuropathic osteoarthropathy due to sensory/autonomic neuropathy—diabetes most common cause. Eichenholtz stages: I (fragmentation), II (coalescence), III (remodeling). Sa...
Enhanced recovery protocols (ERAS) enable same-day/next-day discharge in selected patients. Selection: ASA I–II, motivated, good support, no major comorbidities or bleedi...
T- or Y-shaped intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus. Most common in young adults (high energy) and elderly osteoporotic (low energy). Require anatomic articula...
Simultaneous fracture of radius and ulna compromises pronation-supination. Adults: ORIF with plating is gold standard; children: closed reduction & casting. Principle: re...
Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) improves component alignment in TKA/THA. Techniques: imageless and CT-based navigation. Benefits: improved mechanical axis alignment, redu...
Robotics assists bone preparation and implant positioning (mostly semi-active systems). Potential: improved accuracy, reproducibility, individualized alignment strategies...
