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Proper X-ray positioning is essential because rotation, poor centring, inadequate exposure or incomplete anatomical coverage can significantly alter the apparent alignment and pathology on musculoskeletal radiographs. Orthopaedic interpreta...
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Common in elderly and overhead athletes; supraspinatus most often torn. Clinical: pain, weakness in abduction/external rotation, night pain. Tests: Jobe’s, drop arm, exte...
Mallet: extensor tendon avulsion at DIP → inability to extend. Jersey: FDP avulsion at DIP → inability to flex. Mallet mechanism: forced DIP flexion; Jersey: fo...
Spectrum: acetabular dysplasia to frank dislocation. Risk factors: breech, female, family history, oligohydramnios. Clinical: Ortolani & Barlow tests in neonates; Galeazz...
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of femoral head in children 4–10 yrs. More common in boys; often unilateral. Clinical: limp, hip/knee pain, limited abduction/internal rotat...
SLAP = Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear involving biceps anchor. Mechanism: overhead throwing, fall on outstretched hand. Types I–IV (Snyder classification). Cl...
Most common indication: displaced femoral neck fracture in elderly. Types: unipolar (Austin-Moore, Thompson) vs bipolar prostheses. Advantages: shorter surgery, less bloo...
AVN = ischemic necrosis of femoral head → collapse and arthritis. Risk factors: steroids, alcohol, trauma, sickle cell, Gaucher’s, idiopathic. Ficat staging I–IV; ARCO in...
Indications: medial compartment OA with varus deformity in young active patients. Goal: shift weight-bearing axis laterally to unload medial compartment. Techniques: late...
Cartilage repair technique for focal chondral defects
Salvage procedure for irretrievable failed TKA, chronic infection, tumor resection. Techniques: intramedullary nailing, external fixation (Ilizarov), compression plating....
Indications: end-stage hip OA, AVN, RA, ankylosing spondylitis, fracture neck femur (elderly). Contraindications: active infection, severe medical comorbidity, poor bone...
Traction apophysitis at inferior pole of patella in adolescents. Similar mechanism to Osgood–Schlatter but at patellar origin of tendon. Clinical: localized pain at infer...
