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Proper X-ray positioning is essential because rotation, poor centring, inadequate exposure or incomplete anatomical coverage can significantly alter the apparent alignment and pathology on musculoskeletal radiographs. Orthopaedic interpreta...
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Most common acute dislocation of knee; lateral displacement of patella. Mechanism: valgus stress + external rotation with knee flexion. Clinical: sudden giving way, patel...
Common cause of anterior knee pain in young adults, esp. females (‘runner’s knee’). Etiology: maltracking due to Q-angle increase, muscle imbalance, overuse. Clinical: di...
Indications: end-stage OA, RA, post-traumatic arthritis with pain and disability. Contraindications: active infection, severe vascular disease, extensor mechanism dysfunc...
Indications: isolated unicompartmental OA with intact ligaments and correctable deformity. Contraindications: inflammatory arthritis, fixed deformity, ACL deficiency. Adv...
Patellar instability often due to MPFL rupture after lateral patellar dislocation. Risk factors: trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, increased TT-TG distance. Clinical: re...
Overuse injury of patellar tendon, common in jumping athletes (basketball, volleyball). Pain localized to inferior pole of patella; worse with jumping, squatting, stairs....
Apophysitis of tibial tubercle in adolescents due to repetitive traction from quadriceps. Common in athletic boys (10–15 yrs). Clinical: pain, swelling, prominent tender...
Congenital variant where meniscus is thickened and disk-shaped. Most common in lateral meniscus (incidence 1–3%). Clinical: snapping, pain, locking in children/young adul...
Focal subchondral bone necrosis leading to cartilage instability. Common site: lateral aspect of medial femoral condyle. Clinical: pain, swelling, catching, locking in ad...
Cartilage defects cause pain, swelling, mechanical symptoms; poor intrinsic healing. ACI: two-stage procedure — harvest cartilage → culture chondrocytes → reimplant under...
Avulsion of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon from distal phalanx. Mechanism: forced extension of DIP during active flexion (grabbing opponent’s jersey). Clinical:...
Flexion of PIP joint with hyperextension of DIP joint. Caused by central slip rupture of extensor tendon at PIP. Mechanism: forceful blow, RA, laceration. Clinical: inabi...
