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Comprehensive guide to orthopaedic screws covering screw anatomy and geometry, cortical and cancellous screws, lag screws and the lag technique, locking screws, cannulated screws, headless compression screws, malleolar and positional screws...
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Cierny–Mader classifies adult osteomyelitis by anatomic type (I–IV) and host status (A/B/C). Type I: Medullary; Type II: Superficial; Type III: Localized (cortical seques...
Subacute osteomyelitis presenting as a localized lytic lesion with sclerotic rim (usually metaphyseal). Typical organisms: Staphylococcus aureus; culture may be negative....
Diagnosis uses consensus criteria (MSIS/ICM) combining major and minor criteria. Classify by timing: early (24 mo) — guides biofilm maturity and strategy. Treatment optio...
Classically 24–72 h after long‑bone/pelvic fractures or IM reaming; triad: hypoxemia, neurological signs, petechiae. Diagnosis is clinical; supported by Gurd’s criteria (...
Heterotopic ossification in muscle after trauma or neurological injury. Common sites: quadriceps, brachialis, adductors. Symptoms: painful swelling → hard mass, ↓ROM. Rad...
Absolute CP >30 mmHg indicates fasciotomy. ΔP = DBP – CP; if <30 mmHg, fasciotomy indicated. Interpret with clinical signs.
Tension‑stress effect: gradual distraction (≈1 mm/day in 4 steps) after corticotomy induces regenerate bone and soft‑tissue adaptation. Circular fixator with tensioned wi...
Types: uniplanar, biplanar, circular. Biomechanics: stiffness ↑ with larger pins, more pins, wider spread, closer frame. Indications: open fractures, polytrauma, infected...
Types: hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), distributive (septic, neurogenic), cardiogenic, obstructive. Initial approach: ATLS (Airway with C‑spine, Breathing, Circulation, Disabi...
Standard: cefazolin within 60 min before incision (2 g; 3 g if >120 kg). Add vancomycin if MRSA colonized/high prevalence or severe β‑lactam allergy; start 120 min pre‑in...
Risk high in hip/knee arthroplasty, hip fracture surgery, pelvic/acetabular trauma, prolonged immobility. Options: LMWH, DOACs (apixaban/rivaroxaban), aspirin (selected l...
Phases: inflammatory (days 1–7), proliferative (days 3–21), remodeling (weeks–months). Intrinsic (tenocyte) vs extrinsic (synovial/paratenon) healing; adhesion formation...
