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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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I lateral split, II split+depression, III depression, IV medial, V bicondylar, VI dissociation. Surgical principle: elevate, graft, raft screws, plate. Complications: com...
Tibia shaft → highest risk of compartment. Signs: pain out of proportion, stretch pain. ΔP
Elementary: PW, PC, AW, AC, Transverse. Associated: PC+PW, Trans+PW, T-type, AC+PHT, Both-column. Views: Judet + CT 3D. Approaches: KL (post), Ilioinguinal/Stoppa (ant)....
AO 31-A: A1 simple, A2 comminuted, A3 reverse oblique. Implants: DHS for stable A1/A2, CMN for unstable A2/A3. TAD
Deforming forces: flex-abd-ER proximal; add distal. Implant: CMN gold standard. Reduction aids: Schanz, cerclage, clamps. Entry point crucial (piriformis/trochanteric). C...
Gold standard for adult diaphyseal femur. Reaming adds biology + bigger nail. Supine position, piriformis/trochanteric entry. Complications: fat embolism, malrotation, kn...
Most common: midshaft fractures; assess displacement, shortening, comminution, skin tenting, neurovascular status. Nonoperative for minimally displaced; operative indicat...
Neer classification (parts displaced >1 cm or >45°): guides management. Non‑operative for minimally displaced; ORIF (locking plate) for displaced 2–3 part; hemiarthroplas...
Primary neurapraxia occurs in ~10–15% closed fractures; most recover spontaneously by 3–4 months. Immediate exploration for open fractures, vascular injury, high‑energy w...
Radial shaft fracture with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Occurs in middle to distal third radius fracture. Requires ORIF of radius and stabilization o...
Terrible triad = posterior elbow dislocation + radial head fracture + coronoid fracture. Highly unstable pattern, requires surgical fixation of all components. Goal: conc...
Indication: simple, non-comminuted transverse olecranon fractures (AO 21-B1) with intact dorsal cortex. Principle: converts triceps tensile force into compression at the...
