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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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Most common primary malignant tumor of bone (plasma cell dyscrasia). CRAB features: hyperCalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions (lytic). X‑ray: punched‑out lytic l...
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin; >50 histological subtypes. Enneking staging: based on grade (low/high), compartment (intra/extra), metastasis (I–III). Presentatio...
Surgical emergency: cartilage can be destroyed within 24–48 hours; prompt drainage + antibiotics is critical. Children: hematogenous origin common; hip/knee frequent; Sta...
Second most common osteoarticular TB after spine; insidious monoarthritis progressing through stages. Typical deformity: flexion, adduction, external rotation; muscle spa...
Common site of osteoarticular TB after spine and hip; presents with chronic monoarthritis. Phemister triad on X‑ray: peri‑articular osteopenia, marginal erosions, gradual...
Indicated in isolated medial/lateral compartment OA with intact ligaments. Advantages: smaller incision, bone preservation, faster rehab, more natural kinematics. Contrai...
Both indicated for isolated medial compartment OA in younger active patients. HTO: joint-preserving, shifts weight-bearing axis, delays arthroplasty. UKA: joint-replacing...
Gold standard for young active patients with ACL-deficient knee. Grafts: Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone (BTB), Hamstring (STG), Quadriceps tendon, Allograft. Tunnel drilling:...
Recurrent instability may follow failed Bankart repair. Causes: capsulolabral failure, glenoid bone loss, engaging Hill-Sachs. Workup: MRI, CT for bone loss quantificatio...
SLAP = Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear at the biceps anchor; pain is deep, activity‑related, with mechanical clicking. Snyder classification I–IV (and extensio...
Surgical approaches: posterior, anterolateral, direct anterior, transtrochanteric. Posterior: excellent exposure, preserves abductors, higher dislocation risk. Anterolate...
Implants classified by degree of constraint: CR (least) → PS → CCK → Hinged (most). CR retains PCL; PS substitutes with cam-post. Constrained implants indicated for insta...
