Orthonotes | The Bone Stories

Nuclear Medicine — Bone Scan & PET Basics

Bone scan = radionuclide (Tc-99m MDP) uptake proportional to osteoblastic activity. Highly sensitive for metastasis, stress fractures, infection, AVN. PET (FDG-PET): measures metab...

Tumor | 👁 4 | 2 weeks ago

Polytrauma — Damage Control vs Early Total Care

ETC: definitive fixation within 24 h for stable patients. DCO: temporary stabilization in unstable patients; definitive fixation after stabilization. Second hit phenomenon: surgery...

Trauma | 👁 3 | 2 weeks ago

Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS)

Score based on skeletal/soft tissue injury, ischemia, shock, age. Ischemia >6 h doubles points. MESS ≥7 → amputation likely. Adjunct tool; not absolute.

Trauma | 👁 4 | 2 weeks ago

Orthopaedic Implants — Materials & Corrosion

Common alloys: 316L stainless, cobalt‑chrome, titanium (Ti‑6Al‑4V). Corrosion mechanisms: fretting at modular junctions, crevice under plates, galvanic with dissimilar metals. Clin...

General | 👁 4 | 2 weeks ago

Osteoporosis — Pathophysiology and Management

Definition (WHO): low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration → fragility fractures; T‑score ≤ −2.5 on DEXA. Common sites: vertebral compression, hip (femoral neck/intertro...

General | 👁 5 | 2 weeks ago

Paget’s Disease of Bone

Focal disorder of accelerated bone turnover: osteoclastic resorption followed by disorganized osteoblastic formation → enlarged, weak, vascular bone. Common sites: pelvis, spine, f...

General | 👁 4 | 2 weeks ago

Sepsis and Surgical Site Infection — Bundle

SSI prevention bundle: preop optimization (glucose, smoking cessation), skin prep with alcohol‑chlorhexidine, timed antibiotic prophylaxis, normothermia, OR traffic control. Sepsis...

General | 👁 2 | 2 weeks ago

Peripheral Nerve Injury — Sunderland Classification

Seddon: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis; Sunderland expands to 5 degrees based on structural disruption. Degree I: conduction block; II: axonal disruption intact endoneurium;...

Trauma | 👁 3 | 2 weeks ago

Epiphyseal Growth Plate — Zones & Regulation

Zones: reserve (resting), proliferative, hypertrophic (maturation, degeneration, provisional calcification). Regulation: Ihh/PTHrP feedback loop, GH/IGF‑1 axis, local factors (TGF‑...

Pediatrics | 👁 4 | 2 weeks ago

Fracture Healing — Biology & Timelines

Phases: inflammation → soft callus (cartilage) → hard callus (woven bone) → remodeling (lamellar). Primary (direct) vs secondary (indirect) healing; absolute vs relative stability...

General | 👁 3 | 2 weeks ago

Buckle (Torus) & Plastic Bowing — Paediatric Forearm Patterns

Buckle/Torus: Compression failure of cortex (metaphyseal) — stable; treat with short immobilization/splint. Plastic Bowing: Microfracture without discrete break; persistent deformi...

Trauma | 👁 5 | 2 weeks ago

Medial Clavicle Physeal Injury (Pseudodislocation) — Pattern

Physeal separation of medial clavicle mimics SCJ dislocation — the physis is weaker than ligaments in children. Posterior displacement threatens mediastinal structures — requires u...