A: stable (posterior arch intact). B: rotationally unstable, vertically stable (open-book APC or LC injuries). C: rotationally + vertically unstable (...
Transverse, comminuted (stellate), polar avulsion, vertical; AO: 34-A extra-articular pole, 34-C transverse/comminuted. Displacement/extensor disrupti...
AO: 42-A simple, 42-B wedge, 42-C complex/segmental. Closed soft tissues graded by Oestern–Tscherne; open injuries by Gustilo (I–IIIC). Guides fixatio...
A: infra-syndesmotic; B: at syndesmosis; C: supra-syndesmotic (Maisonneuve possible). Instability rises from A→C; C requires ORIF with syndesmotic fix...
SA (supination-adduction): lat avulsion → vertical medial fx. SER (supination-external rotation): ATFL → fibula at level → posterior → medial (most co...
33-A: extra-articular; 33-B: partial articular (e.g., Hoffa = B3); 33-C: complete articular. Articular types require anatomic joint reduction; fixatio...
I split lateral; II split+depression; III pure depression; IV medial; V bicondylar; VI metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation. Severity ↑ from I→VI; medi...
41-A extra-articular; 41-B partial articular; 41-C complete articular. Complements/updates Schatzker with alphanumeric consistency across regions.
Type I: 50° (most vertical → highest shear). Higher angle = higher shear → instability, nonunion risk; stronger fixation needed.
Stable: intact posteromedial buttress; Unstable: posteromedial comminution, reverse obliquity, subtrochanteric extension. Stable → DHS; Unstable → cep...
