Types I–V: nondisplaced to highly comminuted/segmental by number/configuration of fragments. Most require IM nailing; higher types have longer healing...
I: inferior to fovea (non–weight-bearing); II: superior to fovea (weight-bearing). III: I/II with femoral neck fracture; IV: I/II with acetabular frac...
0: none; I: small butterfly; II: larger butterfly with ≥50% cortical contact. III:
Types I–VIII: extra- vs intra-articular, DRUJ involvement, and ulnar styloid fracture. Intra-articular (III–VIII) have higher arthritis risk; often re...
A: acute stable (A1 tubercle, A2 nondisplaced waist). B: acute unstable (B1 distal oblique, B2 displaced waist, B3 proximal pole, B4 comminuted, B5 pe...
I: incomplete/valgus impacted; II: complete, nondisplaced. III: complete, partially displaced (varus); IV: complete, fully displaced. I–II stable → fi...
Radial head and neck fractures are common elbow injuries caused most often by a fall on an outstretched hand that transmits axial force through the fo...
Type I: nondisplaced (A noncomminuted / B comminuted). Type II: displaced but stable (A/B). Type III: displaced and unstable (A/B). Type I conservativ...
I: tip avulsion; II: 50% height. II–III indicate elbow instability, commonly part of terrible triad → fixation required.
I: anterior radial head dislocation (ulna angulated anterior). II: posterior; III: lateral; IV: both bones fractured with radial head dislocation. ORI...
