v4.1 Fusion X
Simultaneous fracture of radius and ulna compromises pronation-supination. Adults: ORIF with plating is gold standard; children: closed reduction & ca...
Fix if fragment >25–30% of tibial plafond, >2 mm displacement, syndesmotic instability, or posterolateral fragment involving PITFL. CT-based morpholog...
Sanders classification: based on CT coronal posterior facet fractures. Essex-Lopresti: tongue vs joint depression patterns. Operative indications: dis...
High-energy injury with high risk of popliteal artery injury (10–40%). Urgent reduction and splinting; check pulses + ABI. If ABI
Concept: balance early fixation vs systemic insult. ETC = early total care in stable patients; DCO = staged for unstable. Indicators for DCO: ISS >40,...
BOAST 4 guidelines: antibiotics ASAP, tetanus, debridement, stabilization, soft tissue cover. Do not remove bone fragments unless grossly non-viable....
Symptomatic nonunion: pain, cosmetic deformity, scapular dyskinesis, and weakness. Standard treatment: compression plating + autogenous iliac crest bo...
Viable (hypertrophic/oligotrophic) vs non‑viable (atrophic, necrotic, defect, comminuted). Radiographic callus indicates biology; absence suggests poo...
ATLS: binder early for unstable pelvis; hemorrhage control is priority. Tile A stable, B rotationally unstable, C rot + vertical unstable. Hemorrhage...
Garden I–II = non-displaced, III–IV = displaced. Pauwels I 50° vertical shear. Young = urgent reduction + fixation (CS/DHS). Elderly = arthroplasty if...