Orthonotes
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Seddon: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis; Sunderland expands to 5 degrees based on structural disruption. Degree I: conduction block; II: axonal...
Buckle/Torus: Compression failure of cortex (metaphyseal) — stable; treat with short immobilization/splint. Plastic Bowing: Microfracture without disc...
Physeal separation of medial clavicle mimics SCJ dislocation — the physis is weaker than ligaments in children. Posterior displacement threatens media...
Tillaux: Anterolateral epiphyseal avulsion (SH-III) during asymmetric physeal closure — intra-articular; >2 mm step needs fixation. Triplane: Multi-pl...
Type I: Anterior radial head dislocation with anterior angulated ulnar fracture — most common in children. Type II: Posterior/posterolateral dislocati...
Type I: Nondisplaced — anterior humeral line intersects capitellum; treat in long arm cast. Type II: Displaced with posterior cortex intact (hinge) —...
Milch Type I: Fracture line lateral to trochlear groove (through capitellum–trochlear junction) — more stable. Milch Type II: Fracture line extends in...
O’Brien Angulation: I (60°). Displacement/translation also matters; >3 mm or severe angulation predicts need for reduction/fixation. Metaizeau (elasti...
Type I: Transepiphyseal (with/without dislocation) — highest AVN risk. Type II: Transcervical (through the neck). Type III: Cervicotrochanteric (basic...
Type I: Minimally displaced avulsion. Type II: Hinge of posterior fibers intact (anterior lift) — may reduce closed; fixation if interposed tissue. Ty...