Perilunate dislocations and fracture-dislocations are high-energy carpal injuries in which the lunate loses its normal articulation with the surroundi...
The pisiform is a sesamoid bone located within the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendon on the medial side of the wrist, articulating with the triquetrum...
A lytic bone lesion on X-ray should be approached systematically using five steps: patient age (the single most powerful clue — under 20 favours benig...
Colles: extra-articular, dorsal tilt; Smith: extra-articular, volar tilt; Barton: intra-articular rim fracture. Clinical deformities: dinner-fork (Col...
Most common carpal fracture, usually waist (70%). Blood supply retrograde to proximal pole → high risk of AVN. Clinical: anatomical snuffbox tendernes...
T- or Y-shaped intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus. Most common in young adults (high energy) and elderly osteoporotic (low energy). Requi...
Simultaneous fracture of radius and ulna compromises pronation-supination. Adults: ORIF with plating is gold standard; children: closed reduction & ca...
Fix if fragment >25–30% of tibial plafond, >2 mm displacement, syndesmotic instability, or posterolateral fragment involving PITFL. CT-based morpholog...
Sanders classification: based on CT coronal posterior facet fractures. Essex-Lopresti: tongue vs joint depression patterns. Operative indications: dis...
High-energy injury with high risk of popliteal artery injury (10–40%). Urgent reduction and splinting; check pulses + ABI. If ABI
