Tension‑stress effect: gradual distraction (≈1 mm/day in 4 steps) after corticotomy induces regenerate bone and soft‑tissue adaptation. Circular fixat...
Types: uniplanar, biplanar, circular. Biomechanics: stiffness ↑ with larger pins, more pins, wider spread, closer frame. Indications: open fractures,...
Types: hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), distributive (septic, neurogenic), cardiogenic, obstructive. Initial approach: ATLS (Airway with C‑spine, Breathing,...
Load sharing vs load bearing; absolute vs relative stability; primary vs secondary healing. Plates: compression (DCP/LCP in compression) vs bridging (...