Raised intracompartmental pressure → ischemia/necrosis. Causes: tibia/forearm fractures, crush injury, reperfusion, tight casts. Early signs: pain out...
ETC: definitive fixation within 24 h for stable patients. DCO: temporary stabilization in unstable patients; definitive fixation after stabilization....
Score based on skeletal/soft tissue injury, ischemia, shock, age. Ischemia >6 h doubles points. MESS ≥7 → amputation likely. Adjunct tool; not absolut...
Seddon: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis; Sunderland expands to 5 degrees based on structural disruption. Degree I: conduction block; II: axonal...
Buckle/Torus: Compression failure of cortex (metaphyseal) — stable; treat with short immobilization/splint. Plastic Bowing: Microfracture without disc...
Physeal separation of medial clavicle mimics SCJ dislocation — the physis is weaker than ligaments in children. Posterior displacement threatens media...
Tillaux: Anterolateral epiphyseal avulsion (SH-III) during asymmetric physeal closure — intra-articular; >2 mm step needs fixation. Triplane: Multi-pl...
Type I: Anterior radial head dislocation with anterior angulated ulnar fracture — most common in children. Type II: Posterior/posterolateral dislocati...
Type I: Nondisplaced — anterior humeral line intersects capitellum; treat in long arm cast. Type II: Displaced with posterior cortex intact (hinge) —...
Milch Type I: Fracture line lateral to trochlear groove (through capitellum–trochlear junction) — more stable. Milch Type II: Fracture line extends in...
